<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, Ram Prakash</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kushwaha, Omkar Singh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer solar cells</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Materials Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron acceptors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electron donors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inverted and Tandem solar cells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roll to roll processing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solar cell efficiency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEP</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INT COUNCIL MATERIALS EDUCATION</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIV N TEXAS, 1155 UNION CIRCLE \#30510, DENTON, TX 76203-5017 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-119</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;It is a well known fact that the amount of solar energy impinging on the earth's surface in one hour is higher than the worldwide energy demand per year. Solar energy is the ultimate renewable zero emission energy source. Solar energy technology which is dominated by the crystalline silicon has not found widespread acceptance due to size, weight, aesthetics, cost and installation of solar panels. On the other hand, polymer solar cells being light weight, inexpensive, colorful and capable to be fabricated into large area flexible devices by roll to roll processes, portend potential for large scale non-grid and grid power generation applications. Polymer solar cells would reduce the need for petroleum and natural gas for power generation; therefore, the use of cells would slow down the disappearance of non-renewable resources and promote sustainability. In spite of these facts, polymer solar cells are not covered in current curricula and textbooks of Materials Science and Engineering. The present article intends to provide the remedy to this situation and exhaustively discusses materials, mechanisms and applications in the development of highly efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs).&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foreign</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0.758
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, Ram Prakash</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kushwaha, Omkar Singh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer solar cells: an overview</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macromolecular Symposia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bulk heterojunction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electron acceptor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electron donor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fullerenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polymer solar cells</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAY</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tribhuvan Univ; Kathmandu Univ; Univ Rouen; Int Union Pure &amp; Appl Chem</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-149</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Polymer Solar cells being flexible, light weight, inexpensive, colorful and large area devices, portend potential for large scale grid power generation. The first major breakthrough in organic solar cell performance came in 1986 when Tang discovered that much higher efficiencies about 1% can be attained when electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) are brought together in one cell. With the discovery of photo induced electron transfer from a conjugated polymer to fullerene molecules in 1992, the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cell has become the most successful device structure developed in the field till date. Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) has been the subject of intensive investigations upto 2008 yielding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) around 5-6%. OPV technology has grown during the past decade with cell efficiencies quadrupling. As alternative route of higher performance, two or more single cells can be combined in tandem structure. The most efficient tandem organic solar cell reported by Yang Yang's group has 8.62% power conversion efficiency (PCE) which has been further improved with an NREL - certified PCE of 10.6%. An overview of the above will be presented in this paper.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kathmandu Symposia on Advanced Materials (KaSAM), Nepal Polymer Inst, Kathmandu, NEPAL, MAY 09-12, 2012</style></notes><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Foreign&lt;/p&gt;</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0.64</style></custom4></record></records></xml>