<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kulkarni, Sphurti Prakash</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dure, Shital N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joshi, Sunil S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">V. Pandare, Kiran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mali, Nilesh A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subcritical water hydrolysis of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine: hydrolysis mechanism, reaction pathways and optimization for selective production of 5-HMF and levulinic acid</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbohydrate Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-Hydroxymethylfurfural</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chitin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glucosamine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">levulinic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response surface methodology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subcritical water</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JUN</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">516</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108560</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	In this study, the subcritical water hydrolysis of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), a monomer of abundant renewable marine biopolymer chitin, for production of value-added chemicals is investigated. The enhanced ionization of water at subcritical conditions (200 degrees C; 50-100 bar), provides enough acidity for deacetylation of NAG resulting in 80% yield of acetic acid along with traces of formic acid, lactic acid, glucose, fructose, 5hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF),etc. The significant humin formation indicates that the self-condensation and polymerisation of 5-HMF is favored in water at subcritical conditions. A catalyst p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) was employed to selectively convert NAG to levulinic acid (LA) via ring opening of 5-HMF previously formed during hydrolysis. The maximum yield of 27.13 +/- 1% and 53.46 +/- 1% of 5-HMF and LA, respectively, was obtained at process conditions optimized using Box-Behnken design coupled with response surface methodology. Subcritical water enables greener conversion of NAG to platform chemicals wherein the selective production can be achieved by tuning the process conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
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	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
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	2.975&lt;/p&gt;
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