<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neenu, K. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, C. D. Midhun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begum, P. M. Sabura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanoth, Bipinbal Parambath</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David, Deepthi Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sajadi, S. Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dhanyasree, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajithkumar, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of oxalic acid and sulphuric acid hydrolysis on the preparation and properties of pineapple pomace derived cellulose nanofibers and nanopapers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cellulose nanofibers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulosic nanopapers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pineapple pomace</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JUN </style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1745-1759</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Nanocellulose is the ``green magnet'' which attracts a wide spectrum of industries towards it due to its availability, biodegradability, and possible smart applications. For the first time, pineapple pomace was being explored as an economic precursor for cellulose nanofibers. Nanofiber isolation was accomplished using a chemo-mechanical method and solution casting was adopted for the development of nanopapers. Moreover, the study examines the structural, optical, crystalline, dimensional, and thermal features of nanofibers isolated using different acid hydrolysis (oxalic acid and sulphuric acid) methods. Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of type I cellulose. The transmittance, crystallinity index, and thermal stability of PPNFS (sulphuric acid treated fiber) were greater than PPNFO (oxalic acid treated fiber). The transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed the nanodimension of PPNFO and PPNFS. While comparing the optical and mechanical properties of nanopapers, PPNFS outperforms PPNFO. The tensile strength of the prepared nanopapers (64 MPa (PPNFO) and 68 MPa (PPNFS)) was found to be high compared to similar works reported in the literature. The prepared nanopaper is proposed to be used for food packaging applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	8.025&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathew, Mariya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, C. D. Midhun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neenu, K. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begum, P. M. Sabura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dileep, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, T. G. Ajith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabu, Akshay Alax</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagane, Dhiraj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon black and chitin nanofibers for green tyres: preparation and property evaluation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbohydrate Polymers</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon black</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chitin nanofibers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green Tyre</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural rubber latex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JUN</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">310</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120700</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	This research highlights the synergistic use of carbon black (CB) and chitin nanofibers (CHNFs) for developing green tyres for the first time. The CHNFs (12-30 nm) were prepared from chitin powder with the help of steam explosion and mild oxalic acid hydrolysis. The CHNFs were uniformly dispersed in natural rubber (NR) latex, dried, and mixed with CB in a two-roll mill to form NR/CB/CHNF composites. The NR/CB/CHNF composite at 1 phr CHNF loading exhibited tensile and tear strengths that were about 47 and 160 % greater than the NR-Neat, respectively. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the loss tangent (tan delta) at 60 degrees C was 50 % lower for the NR/CB/CHNF 1.0 composite than for the NR/CB50 composite. The study succeeded in developing a new green tyre tread formulation that would be helpful for attaining sustainability and a circular economy.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	10.723&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, C. D. Midhun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neenu, K. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begum, P. M. Sabura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph, Rani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, Derval dos Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duan, Yongxin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balan, Aiswarya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajithkumar, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soumya, Mary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelke, Ankita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanosilica from Averrhoa bilimbi juice pre-treated rice husk: preparation and characterization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Cleaner Production</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Averrhoa bilimbi juice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioleaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanosilica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rice husk</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUG </style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">413</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137476</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	The preparation of nanosilica from rice husk without using any concentrated mineral acids is a novel concept. This work proposes a bioleaching strategy to remove metallic impurities from rice husk for the preparation of nanosilica. Herein, nanosilica (BJRHS) was prepared by calcinating Averrhoa bilimbi juice pre-treated rice husks in a muffle furnace. The chemical and atomic structures of commercial precipitated silica (CS), rice husk ash (RHA), and BJRHS were analyzed using different analytical techniques. The optimal leaching time, calcination temperature, and calcination time were 1 h, 500 degrees C, and 6 h respectively. The particle size of BJRHS was found to be 6-12 nm, which is less than that of RHA and CS. The BET surface area of BJRHS (204 m2/g) was found to be greater than RHA (110.5 m2/g) and CS (172.1 m2/g). Mesoporous nanosilica with excellent surface area and purity was produced sustainably from rice husk which could be recommended to use in the field of catalysis, polymer technology, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	11.1&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, C. D. Midhun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maheswary, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neenu, V. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sajadi, S. Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, Derval dos Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begum, P. M. Sabura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathew, Mariya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajithkumar, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Tresa Sunitha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resmi, V. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilyas, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colocasia esculenta stems for the isolation of cellulose nanofibers: a chlorine-free method for the biomass conversion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acid hydrolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cellulose nanofibers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colocasia esculenta stems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High crystallinity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAY</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10305-10318</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	The reuse of waste products is the green key to sustainability. The extraction of cellulose nanofibers from Colocasia esculenta stems is presented in the paper. The study proved that the waste biomass could be effectively re-engineered into highly valued cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Cellulose nanofibers were extracted via a chemo-mechanical route. The pre-treatments included mild alkali hydrolysis (2% NaOH) and chlorine-free bleaching (peroxide bleaching in an alkaline medium). Cellulose I-beta structure was confirmed using C-13 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The elemental analysis of CNFs detected the elements, carbon and oxygen. The CNFs had a crystallinity and transmittance of 71.72% and 60%, respectively. Microscopic studies verified the elimination of non-cellulosic components and the fibrous nature of CNFs. Moreover, the fiber diameter of CNFs was 20-40 nm. Thermal analysis revealed good thermal stability of 335.8 degrees C (T-50) for nanofibers. Long-term aids are numerous in eco-friendly technology. Developing an eco-design will support zero waste ideals, lowers carbon dioxide emissions, and encourages a circular economy. Owing to the merits of natural fibers, they can be adopted in various sectors including packaging, automobile, aerospace, electronics, biomedical, construction, and furniture.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	3.7&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul, Sharon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph, Anto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hridhya, P. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajithkumar, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asrofi, Mochamad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, C. D. Midhun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extraction of highly crystalline and thermally stable cellulose nanofiber from Heliconia psittacorum L.f. leaves</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass valorization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanocellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste to resource</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAY</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">308</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142264</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Extracting cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from agro-waste is one of the promising and practical ways to develop sustainable nanocomposites. In this study, cellulose nanofibers were extracted from the leaves of Heliconia psittacorum for the first time. The combination of oxalic acid hydrolysis (5 wt%) and steam explosion was used for the isolation of CNF from the leaves of Heliconia psittacorum. The structural and chemical features of the prepared CNF were analyzed using various techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Solid state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C NMR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X ray analysis (EDX), Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TEM micrographs reported 15 to 40 nm diameter for the nanofibers synthesized. XRD analysis reported 91 % crystallinity index for CNF, whereas that of the untreated sample was 76 %. The maximum degradation of the CNF is reported at 355 degrees C, exceeds the untreated sample (316 degrees C). The tensile strength of the CNF derived paper was found to be 23 MPa. The recovered nanocellulose can be further utilized for various applications such as the automobile industry for developing lightweight parts, biosensors, super capacitors, absorption of greenhouse gases, wastewater treatment, and packaging applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	5.2&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sankar, Sameera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neenu, K. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajithkumar, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shelke, Ankita Ramesh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begum, P. M. Sabura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bipinbal, P. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George, Tresa Sunitha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, Midhun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green engineering of cellulose nanofibers and nanopapers from Wodyetia bifurcata fruits: a sustainable approach with emphasis on process optimization and tensile property assessment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAY</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9321-9335</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;Nanocellulose emerges as a highly promising material with versatile applications, offering solutions to environmental and sustainability challenges. This study delves into the extraction of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;Wodyetia bifurcata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;fruit pulp through mild oxalic acid hydrolysis assisted by steam explosion. To ensure environmental compatibility, chlorine-free pre-treatments were applied to eliminate non-cellulosic components. Chemical composition analysis verified the effective removal of non-cellulosic elements, validated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Solid-state&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather, serif;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;C nuclear magnetic resonance (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather, serif;&quot;&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;C NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of type I cellulose α-polymorph in the CNF, while a crystallinity index of 60% was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM)&amp;nbsp;images revealed a fibrous morphology with a fiber diameter ranging from 9 to 36&amp;nbsp;nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was employed to corroborate the observed fiber diameter. Mild acid hydrolysis elevated the maximum degradation temperature (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; bottom: -0.25em; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Merriweather, serif;&quot;&gt;max&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;&quot;&gt;) of CNF to 39&amp;nbsp;°C compared to the pristine sample. Furthermore, this research explores the application of CNFs in nanopaper development using a casting method. The resulting nanopapers exhibited a tensile strength of ~ 17&amp;nbsp;MPa and a transmittance of 25%. These nanopapers present a viable pathway toward eco-friendly products in various industries, promising to revolutionize upcoming sustainable packaging technologies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	4.1&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom4></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harsha, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mol, A. P. Princy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul, Sharon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badawi, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajithkumar, T. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rao, H. Jeevan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parameswaranpillai, Jyotishkumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nair, Ajalesh B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Begum, P. M. Sabura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dominic, C. D. Midhun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable isolation of cellulose nanofibers with superior crystallinity and thermal stability from Terminalia catappa L. fruit peel waste</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose nanofiber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">green synthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waste to wealth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JUL</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21557-21572</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Turning agricultural waste into value-added products is a key focus of sustainable development. Herein, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were extracted from the pericarp of Terminalia catappa L. for the first time. The CNF was extracted by chlorine-free pretreatment methods followed by oxalic acid hydrolysis (5 wt%) assisted with steam explosion. The prepared CNF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG). FTIR analysis confirmed the successful removal of lignin and hemicellulose during chemical treatment which was again validated by solid-state 13C NMR analysis. TEM image revealed that the diameter of the extracted nanofibers ranges from 14 to 18 nm. From XRD analysis, the crystallinity index of the CNF was 82%, while that of the raw sample was 62 %. The temperature at which the maximum degradation (Tmax) of CNF occurred was found to be 372 degrees C which is superior to that of the raw sample (334 degrees C). The extracted cellulose nanofibers were used to prepare cellulose paper, demonstrating a tensile strength of 1.1 MPa, indicating its potential suitability for biodegradable packaging applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	Foreign&lt;/p&gt;
</style></custom3><custom4><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;
	4.1&lt;/p&gt;
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