02786nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195260007400264300001200338490000700350520181600357653001302173653002002186653001502206653002502221653001102246653002502257100001902282700002002301700002502321700002202346700002102368856013102389 2005 eng d a0167-441200aKunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) that exerts anti-metabolic effect on podborer (Helicoverpa armigera) larvae0 aKunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea Cicer arietinum L that ex aVAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDSbSPRINGERcFEB a359-3740 v573 a

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds contain Bowman-Birk proteinase inhibitors, which are ineffective against the digestive proteinases of larvae of the insect pest Helicoverpa armigera. We have identified and purified a low expressing proteinase inhibitor (PI), distinct from the Bowman-Birk Inhibitors and active against H. armigera gut proteinases (HGP), from chickpea seeds. N-terminal sequencing of this HGP inhibitor revealed a sequence similar to reported pea (Pisum sativum) and chickpea alpha-L-fucosidases and also homologous to legume Kunitz inhibitors. The identity was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight analysis of tryptic peptides and isolation of DNA sequence coding for the mature protein. Available sequence data showed that this protein forms a distinct phylogenetic cluster with Kunitz inhibitors from Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, P. sativum and Canavalia lineata. The isolated coding sequence was cloned into a yeast expression vector and produced as a recombinant protein in Pichia pastoris. alpha-L-fucosidase activity was not detectable in purified or recombinant protein, by solution assays. The recombinant protein did not inhibit chymotrypsin or subtilisin activity but did exhibit stoichiometric inhibition of trypsin, comparable to soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. The recombinant protein exhibited higher inhibition of total HGP activity as compared to soybean kunitz inhibitor, even though it preferentially inhibited HGP-trypsins. H. armigera larvae fed on inhibitor-incorporated artificial diet showed significant reduction in average larval weight after 18 days of feeding demonstrating potent antimetabolic activity. The over-expression of this gene in chickpea could act as an endogenous source of resistance to H. armigera.

10aChickpea10aCicer arietinum10afucosidase10aHelicoverpa armigera10aKunitz10aProteinase inhibitor1 aSrinivasan, A.1 aGiri, Ashok, P.1 aHarsulkar, Abhay, M.1 aGatehouse, J., A.1 aGupta, Vidya, S. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/kunitz-trypsin-inhibitor-chickpea-cicer-arietinum-l-exerts-anti-metabolic-effect-podborer-002977nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260007400226300001200300490000700312520202900319653001302348653001302361653001102374653000802385653001502393653001502408653003302423653002602456653001402482100001102496700001302507700002102520700001702541856012902558 2005 eng d a1386-614100aResponse of trichogramma chilonis to infochemicals: an SEM and electrophysiological investigation0 aResponse of trichogramma chilonis to infochemicals an SEM and el aVAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDSbSPRINGERcJUN a429-4470 v503 a

The external morphology and peripheral olfactory responses of antennal chemoreceptors of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) to host related stimuli were examined by SEM and EAG technique respectively. The antennae of male and female T. chilonis reveal strong sexual dimorphism in structure as well as in types, density and distribution of individual sensillar types. The female antennae are characterized by the presence of a single uniporous sensilla on the apical tip of the dome and numerous multiporous pitted sensilla. Sensilla common to both males and females include the multiporous plate sensilla, the peg sensilla and trichoid sensilla. Differences between males and females occur with respect to their EAG profiles to 22 chemicals commonly found in plants viz., hexanal, β-pinene, citronellal, terpinene, citronellol, phytol, caryophyllene, R-(+)-limonene, linalool, carvacrol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, ethanol, α-pinene, trans-2-hexanal, α-phellandrene, amyl acetate, cineole, quinolene, S-(-)limonene, β-myrcene, carvone, terpineol; hexane leaf extracts of three host plants of Helicoverpa armigera (cotton, chickpea and pigeon pea) and hexane scale extracts of adult males and females of H. armigera. Individually, the largest peak amplitudes in females were obtained with citronellal, phytol, caryophyllene, R-(+)-limonene, linalool, carvacrol and citronellol while in males citronellol, caryophyllene, linalool, R-(+)-limonene and amyl acetate caused the highest response. Among the different chemical classes, the largest peak amplitudes in females were obtained with oxygenated monoterpenes, while in males, fatty acid derivatives caused the highest response. In both males and females, the hydrocarbon monoterpenes caused the least response. Thus, the wide spectrum response of Trichogramma chilonis, to a wide group of chemicals belonging to different chemical classes, though varying, nevertheless suggests that using plant information enhances its parasitization efficiency.

10aantennae10aChickpea10acotton10aEAG10aparasitoid10apigeon pea10ascanning electron microscopy10aTrichogramma chilonis10aVolatiles1 aSen, A1 aRaina, R1 aJoseph, Mary, P.1 aTungikar, VB uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/response-trichogramma-chilonis-infochemicals-sem-and-electrophysiological-investigation-002480nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245015400055210006900209260008900278300001200367490000700379520142000386653001401806653001301820653002001833653003501853653002301888653001801911100002501929700002501954700002001979700002401999700002802023700002102051856013002072 2006 eng d a0885-576500aDifferentially expressed gene transcripts in roots of resistant and susceptible chickpea plant (Cicer arietinum L.) upon Fusarium oxysporum infection0 aDifferentially expressed gene transcripts in roots of resistant  a24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLANDbACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcAPR a176-1880 v683 a

Differentially expressed genes in chickpea, (Cicer arietinum L.) during root infection by Fusarium oxysportan f sp. ciceri Racel, were identified using cDNA-RAPD and cDNA-AFLP approaches. The former employed decamer primers on cDNA template and revealed nine differentially expressed transcripts in the resistant-infected chickpea variety. Among the 2000 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) screened by cDNA-AFLP, 273 were differentially expressed in chickpea roots during Fusaritan infection. Only 13.65% of the TDFs were differentially regulated during pathogen challenge, while the other 86% were expressed non-differentially during the process of pathogen infection in chickpea roots. Nineteen TDFs, which expressed differentially in the resistant-infected chickpea variety were cloned and sequenced. Two of these TDFs were similar to transcription factors like WRKY proteins and 14-3-3 proteins, while three TDFs represented the NBS-LRR-type gene sequences. Two TDFs had sequence identity to genes known to have function in defense. The RAPID TDF CaFRi60 showed sequence identity to gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase. Among the TDFs examined by cDNA-AFLP, 19 were confirmed by Reverse Northern blot to be differentially expressed. The data confirms the effectiveness of the cDNA-AFLP technique in detecting differentially expressed genes during pathogenesis. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

10acDNA-AFLP10aChickpea10aCicer arietinum10adifferentially expressed genes10afusarium oxysporum10aTranscriptome1 aNimbalkar, Suhas, B.1 aHarsulkar, Abhay, M.1 aGiri, Ashok, P.1 aSainani, Mohini, N.1 aFranceschi, Vincent, R.1 aGupta, Vidya, S. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/differentially-expressed-gene-transcripts-roots-resistant-and-susceptible-chickpea-plant-000635nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260000800198300000900206490000700215653001300222653002100235653001300256100002500269700002600294700001900320856010200339 2014 eng d a2053-273300aChickpea Kunitz Inhibitor: a mechanistic basis for trypsin inhibition0 aChickpea Kunitz Inhibitor a mechanistic basis for trypsin inhibi cMAR aC2710 v7010aChickpea10aKunitz Inhibitor10aProtease1 aBendre, Ameya, Dipak1 aRamasamy, Sureshkumar1 aSuresh, C., G. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/chickpea-kunitz-inhibitor-mechanistic-basis-trypsin-inhibition02495nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260010600247300001200353490000800365520149500373653001301868653001801881653001001899653001701909653001201926653001601938100002001954700002601974700002602000700002402026700002002050700002102070856012602091 2015 eng d a0031-942200aMetabolic profiling of chickpea-Fusarium interaction identifies differential modulation of disease resistance pathways0 aMetabolic profiling of chickpeaFusarium interaction identifies d aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcAUG a120-1290 v1163 a

Chickpea is the third most widely grown legume in the world and mainly used as a vegetarian source of human dietary protein. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), is one of the major threats to global chickpea production. Host resistance is the best way to protect crops from diseases; however, in spite of using various approaches, the mechanism of Foc resistance in chickpea remains largely obscure. In the present study, non-targeted metabolic profiling at several time points of resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to better understand the mechanistic basis of wilt resistance or susceptibility. Multivariate analysis of the data (OPLS-DA) revealed discriminating metabolites in chickpea root tissue after Foc inoculation such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids and sugars. Foc inoculated resistant plants had more flavonoids and isoflavonoids along with their malonyl conjugates. Many antifungal metabolites that were induced after Foc infection viz, aurantion-obstine beta-glucosides and querecitin were elevated in resistant cultivar. Overall, diverse genetic and biochemical mechanisms were operational in the resistant cultivar for Foc defense as compared to the susceptible plant. The resistant chickpea plants employed the above-mentioned metabolic pathways as potential defense strategy against Foc. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

10aChickpea10aFusarium wilt10aLC-MS10aMetabolomics10aOPLS-DA10aPhytoalexin1 aKumar, Yashwant1 aDholakia, Bhushan, B.1 aPanigrahi, Priyabrata1 aKadoo, Narendra, Y.1 aGiri, Ashok, P.1 aGupta, Vidya, S. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/metabolic-profiling-chickpea-fusarium-interaction-identifies-differential-modulation-002652nas a2200373 4500008004100000022001400041245014200055210006900197260006700266300001400333490000700347520139300354653001301747653002301760653001701783653000801800653003101808653001501839100002001854700001701874700002601891700002601917700002001943700002301963700002501986700001602011700001302027700003402040700002402074700002002098700001602118700002102134856012302155 2016 eng d a1467-764400aFusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of chickpea roots as revealed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics0 aFusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of c a111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USAbWILEY-BLACKWELLcJUL a1589-16030 v143 a

Molecular changes elicited by plants in response to fungal attack and how this affects plant-pathogen interaction, including susceptibility or resistance, remain elusive. We studied the dynamics in root metabolism during compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), using quantitative label-free proteomics and NMR-based metabolomics. Results demonstrated differential expression of proteins and metabolites upon Foc inoculations in the resistant plants compared with the susceptible ones. Additionally, expression analysis of candidate genes supported the proteomic and metabolic variations in the chickpea roots upon Foc inoculation. In particular, we found that the resistant plants revealed significant increase in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism; generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lignification and phytoalexins. The levels of some of the pathogenesis-related proteins were significantly higher upon Foc inoculation in the resistant plant. Interestingly, results also exhibited the crucial role of altered Yang cycle, which contributed in different methylation reactions and unfolded protein response in the chickpea roots against Foc. Overall, the observed modulations in the metabolic flux as outcome of several orchestrated molecular events are determinant of plant's role in chickpea-Foc interactions.

10aChickpea10afusarium oxysporum10aMetabolomics10aNMR10aplant-pathogen interaction10aproteomics1 aKumar, Yashwant1 aZhang, Limin1 aPanigrahi, Priyabrata1 aDholakia, Bhushan, B.1 aDewangan, Veena1 aChavan, Sachin, G.1 aKunjir, Shrikant, M.1 aWu, Xiangyu1 aLi, Ning1 aRajmohanan, Pattuparambil, R.1 aKadoo, Narendra, Y.1 aGiri, Ashok, P.1 aTang, Huiru1 aGupta, Vidya, S. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/fusarium-oxysporum-mediates-systems-metabolic-reprogramming-chickpea-roots-revealed01833nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260000800250300001400258490000700272520099600279653001301275653002201288653002001310653002901330653001201359100002201371700001901393700002801412700002601440856012501466 2019 eng d a0739-110200aStructural insights into the unique inhibitory mechanism of Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor from Cicer arietinum L. Vol. 370 aStructural insights into the unique inhibitory mechanism of Kuni cJUL a2669-26770 v373 a

Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors bind to the active pocket of trypsin causing its inhibition. Plant Kunitz-type inhibitors are thought to be important in defense, especially against insect pests. From sequence analysis of various Kunitz-type inhibitors from plants, we identified CaTI2 from chickpea as a unique variant lacking the functionally important arginine residue corresponding to the soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) and having a distinct and unique inhibitory loop organization. To further explore the implications of these sequence variations, we obtained the crystal structure of recombinant CaTI2 at 2.8 angstrom resolution. It is evident from the structure that the variations in the inhibitory loop facilitates non-substrate like binding of CaTI2 to trypsin, while the canonical inhibitor STI binds to trypsin in substrate like manner. Our results establish the unique mechanism of trypsin inhibition by CaTI2, which warrant further research into its substrate spectrum.

10aChickpea10acrystal structure10ainhibitory loop10aKunitz trypsin inhibitor10aTrypsin1 aBendre, Ameya, D.1 aSuresh, C., G.1 aShanmugam, Dhanasekaran1 aRamasamy, Sureshkumar uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/structural-insights-unique-inhibitory-mechanism-kunitz-type-trypsin-inhibitor-cicer-002329nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260000800228300001200236490000700248520151100255653001301766653003601779653003801815653002501853653002901878100002201907700001701929700002601946856012701972 2020 eng d a1572-388700aFunctional stability and structural transitions of a kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (CaTI2)0 aFunctional stability and structural transitions of a kunitz tryp cAUG a350-3570 v393 a

Enzymes are important tools for various applications. We have studied structural transitions and functional stability of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Chickpea (CaTI2), a potent insect gut-protease inhibitor, under different stress conditions like non-neutral pH, elevated temperature and co-solvent concentrations. CaTI2 was cloned and expressed in an eukaryotic systemP. pastorisand was investigated for conformational transitions using circular dichroism spectroscopy, differential scanning fluorimetry and activity assay. Native CaTI2 has a sheet dominant structure with 40% beta sheets and possess a single tryptophan residue situated in the hydrophobic core of the enzyme. The recombinant inhibitor maintained its maximum activity under alkaline pH with its secondary structure intact between pH 6-10. CaTI2 was observed to be thermally stable up to 55 degrees C with aT(m) of 61.3 degrees C above which the protein unfolds. On treating with chemical denaturant (urea), the CaTI2 lost its inhibitory potential and native conformation beyond 2 M urea concentration. Moreover, the protein unfolded at lower temperatures as the concentration of denaturant increased, suggesting more complex structural changes. Further, the stability of the inhibitor was found to be directly proportional to the solvent polarity. The data, herein offers significant information of inhibitor stability and activity which could be exploited for its further development into an effective pesticide. [GRAPHICS] .

10aChickpea10aCircular dichroism spectroscopy10aDifferential scanning fluorimetry10aFunctional stability10aKunitz trypsin inhibitor1 aBendre, Ameya, D.1 aShukla, Ekta1 aRamasamy, Sureshkumar uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/functional-stability-and-structural-transitions-kunitz-trypsin-inhibitor-chickpea-cati202303nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260000900239300001200248490000700260520154200267653001301809653002201822653001801844653000801862653001001870100002201880700001901902700002001921856013201941 2025 eng d a1559-231600aCharacterization of wound-induced electrical signals and reactive oxygen species in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)0 aCharacterization of woundinduced electrical signals and reactive cDEC  a25679300 v203 a

Mechanical damage to plants triggers both localized and systemic responses that activate plant defense mechanisms. Early signaling events include calcium (Ca2+) flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and electrical alterations. These signals coordinate downstream defense pathways, enabling plant acclimation to biotic stress. Electrical signaling following wounding/herbivory has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis; however, its dynamics in crop plants such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum) are not well understood. The pattern of the SWP in chickpea was similar to that in Arabidopsis but with a longer repolarization phase and was detectable only within the leaflets. The signals generated by damaging the leaflet were more pronounced, propagated bidirectionally and varied between herbivore-susceptible and tolerant chickpea varieties. The SWP duration is correlated with increased expression of AOS and OPR3 transcripts, which are markers of the stress hormone JA. Additionally, ROS production in wounded chickpea leaflets is associated with increased expression of ROS-generating genes. The use of DPI, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, which is responsible for ROS production, inhibited SWP, suggesting the crucial role of ROS in wound-induced SWP. This study provides insight into the interplay between wound-induced electrical signaling and ROS production in chickpea and proposes the measurement of electrical signals as a rapid, noninvasive approach for screening crop cultivars for pest susceptibility and tolerance.

10aChickpea10aElectrical signal10aPlant defense10aROS10awound1 aDeshpande, Shweta1 aPawar, Shivani1 aKumari, Archana uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/characterization-wound-induced-electrical-signals-and-reactive-oxygen-species-chickpea-cicer