02606nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001400041245005400055210005200109260009800161300001200259490000600271520165300277653002001930653002101950653001301971653001801984653003802002653001102040100002402051700001802075700002102093700002002114700001902134700002202153700002102175700001902196856008902215 2008 eng d a1932-104X00aFurfural: hemicellulose/xylosederived biochemical0 aFurfural hemicellulosexylosederived biochemical aTHE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLANDbJOHN WILEY & SONS LTDcSEP a438-4540 v23 a

Hemicellulose, the second, most common polysaccharide in nature constitutes approximately 20-35% of lignocellulosic biomass. Effective utilization of biomass, hitherto underutilized, is gaining tremendous importance for the production of energy, fuels, and chemicals. Amongst the vast array of chemicals derived from lignocellulosics, furfural is the key chemical that finds wide applications in oil refining, plastics, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. There is no synthetic route for the production of furfural. A few conventional technologies currently in practice for its separation and subsequent isolation are appropriately reviewed. Major disadvantages associated with processes currently used for the production of furfural based on acid-catalyzed hydrolysis have been discussed. A need to develop a process which is devoid of all the shortcomings associated with conventional process is emphasized. Several important aspects of chemistry underlying the acid hydrolysis of xylose are discussed. The importance of myriad pre-treatment steps involved to surmount the physical and chemical barriers and to liberate xylose from the confines of acid-resistant layer of lignin has been emphasized. New developments in the production of furfural from cyclodehydration of xylose using solid acid catalysts in the recent past have been reviewed appropriately in present communication. Finally, the production of furfural and furfuryl alcohol, their domestic market and export in China deserve some coverage and therefore have appropriately been discussed as well. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

10aacid hydrolysis10acyclodehydration10afurfural10aHemicellulose10apre-treatment of lignocellulosics10aXylose1 aMamman, Ajit, Singh1 aLee, Jong-Min1 aKim, Yeong-Cheol1 aHwang, In, Taek1 aPark, No-Joong1 aHwang, Young, Kyu1 aSan Chang, Jong-1 aHwang, Jin-Soo uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/furfural-hemicellulosexylosederived-biochemical-001567nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260007100241300001400312490000600326520073200332653001301064653001801077653001901095653000901114653002801123653001201151100002301163700002901186856012201215 2013 eng d a2155-543500aEfficient, stable, and reusable silicoaluminophosphate for the one-pot production of furfural from hemicellulose0 aEfficient stable and reusable silicoaluminophosphate for the one a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcOCT a2299-23030 v33 a

Development of stable, reusable, and water tolerant solid acid catalysts in the conversion of polysaccharides to give value-added chemicals is vital because catalysts are prone to undergo morphological changes during the reactions With the anticipation that silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalysts will have higher hydrothermal stability, those were synthesized, characterized, and employed in a one-pot conversion of hemicellulose. SAPO-44 catalyst at 170 degrees C within 8 h could give 63% furfural yield with 88% mass balance and showed similar activity up to at least 8 catalytic cycles. The morphological studies revealed that SAPO catalysts having hydrophilic characteristics are stable under reaction conditions.

10afurfural10aHemicellulose10ahydrophilicity10aSAPO10awater-tolerant catalyst10azeolite1 aBhaumik, Prasenjit1 aDhepe, Paresh, Laxmikant uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/efficient-stable-and-reusable-silicoaluminophosphate-one-pot-production-furfural-002013nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260009500220300001000315490000800325520114000333653003501473653002001508653001301528653001801541653001901559653003401578100002701612700001701639856012701656 2015 eng d a0021-951700aCatalytic conversion of furfural to industrial chemicals over supported Pt and Pd catalysts0 aCatalytic conversion of furfural to industrial chemicals over su a525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USAbACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCEcJUL a65-770 v3273 a

Several industrial chemicals were prepared by hydrogenation of furfural over gamma-Al2O3-supported Pt and Pd catalysts. These catalysts were active even at room temperature (25 degrees C). While the Pt catalysts were selective for C=O hydrogenation (yielding furfuryl alcohol), Pd facilitated ring hydrogenation (producing tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol). At high temperature (240 degrees C), the Pd catalyst exhibited excellent decarbonylation activity forming furan with 85% yield. The catalyst was reusable even in the absence of external hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen led to ring-opened products. Furan was quantitatively converted at 25 degrees C to tetrahydrofuran. Acidity of the support made a marked influence on the activity and selectivity. Pt on SO4-ZrO2 favored hydrogenolysis yielding 2-methyl furan along with furan with >75 wt% selectivity. Particle size, metal dispersion, and solvent influenced catalytic activity. Differences in structure and mode of furfural adsorption were also the causes for variations in selectivity of these supported Pt and Pd catalysts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10aBiomass to fuels and chemicals10aDecarbonylation10afurfural10aHydrogenation10aHydrogenolysis10aSupported Pt and Pd catalysts1 aBhogeswararao, Seemala1 aSrinivas, D. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/catalytic-conversion-furfural-industrial-chemicals-over-supported-pt-and-pd-catalysts-001902nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148260007300217300001000290490000800300520114400308653001201452653001301464653001801477653001201495653001101507100002301518700002901541856011401570 2015 eng d a0920-586100aEffects of careful designing of SAPO-44 catalysts on the efficient synthesis of furfural0 aEffects of careful designing of SAPO44 catalysts on the efficien aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcAUG a66-720 v2513 a

Considering the growing importance of furfural, it is necessary to develop a robust solid acid catalyst for the conversion of xylan (hemicelluloses) into furfural in a one-pot method. In this study, the effects of various components (Si, Al and P) and crystallization time on the preparation of acidic materials and their properties are extensively described. It is seen that with the increase in crystallization time (0, 48, 96, 176 h) during the synthesis of silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-44), materials morphology changes from amorphous to AFI to CHA and the best activity for furfural synthesis (82%) from xylan was observed with SAPO-44 catalyst aged for 176 h. Since, acidity in the SAPO-44 is guided by the incorporation of Si in the ALPO framework, study on Si molar concentration (0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6) in SAPO-44 was carried out and it was observed that SAPO-44 having 1.0 mole of Si content is the best catalyst for the xylan/xylose conversion to furfural. Catalyst structure-activity correlation is thoroughly defined with the help of several physico-chemical properties. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10aBiomass10afurfural10aHemicellulose10aSAPO-4410aXylose1 aBhaumik, Prasenjit1 aDhepe, Paresh, Laxmikant uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/effects-careful-designing-sapo-44-catalysts-efficient-synthesis-furfural-001446nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260005700218300001400275490000800289520056900297653001000866653001300876653002100889653001700910653002700927100002500954700002100979700001901000700001801019700002901037856012601066 2016 eng d a1011-372X00aSingle pot transfer hydrogenation and aldolization of furfural over metal oxide catalysts0 aSingle pot transfer hydrogenation and aldolization of furfural o a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcAUG a1611-16190 v1463 a

One pot catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of furfural to furfuryl alcohol (FAL) by using hydrogen producing alcohols and simultaneous aldolization of carbonyl compounds produced during CTH, with furfural was achieved over non-noble metal oxides with bifunctional sites. Basic sites of MgO responsible for abstraction of proton showed complete conversion of furfural to give FAL and C8 monomer in a ratio of 3:1, respectively, the later altered to 1:1 by incorporating Al into MgO. Catalyst stability was established by its four cycles study. [GRAPHICS]

10aAldol10afurfural10aFurfuryl alcohol10aMetal oxides10atransfer hydrogenation1 aBiradar, Narayan, S.1 aHengne, Amol, M.1 aSakate, S., S.1 aSwami, R., K.1 aRode, Chandrashekhar, V. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/single-pot-transfer-hydrogenation-and-aldolization-furfural-over-metal-oxide-catalysts01746nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245006400055210006400119260008600183300001100269490000700280520093000287653002301217653001801240653001401258653001101272653001301283653001901296653000801315653002401323100002301347700002901370856009301399 2016 eng d a0161-494000aSolid acid catalyzed synthesis of furans from carbohydrates0 aSolid acid catalyzed synthesis of furans from carbohydrates a530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USAbTAYLOR & FRANCIS INCcJAN a36-1120 v583 a

The alternative feedstock, biomass (particularly lignocelluloses), having the profuse availability, is promising for the synthesis of several value-added chemicals which are currently obtained from fossil feedstock. In this article, the synthesis of two extremely significant furan chemicals viz. furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are discussed. In the synthesis of furans from biomass, numerous challenges, i.e., use of edible sugars as substrates, selectivity to furans, their isolation in pure form, reuse of catalyst, environmental issues, etc., are perceived and in the recent past researchers tried to resolve those by developing advance methodologies. This article comprehensively summarizes the latest progress made in the above-mentioned areas and also provides commentary on the analyses of results, rationale for observed activity and mechanisms, etc. It also discusses future aspects of this work.

10aBiomass conversion10acarbohydrates10acellulose10afurans10afurfural10ahemicelluloses10aHMF10asolid acid catalyst1 aBhaumik, Prasenjit1 aDhepe, Paresh, Laxmikant uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/solid-acid-catalyzed-synthesis-furans-carbohydrates-001712nas a2200217 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260000800206300001200214490000700226520099500233653001801228653002401246653002001270653001301290653002301303653001801326100001701344700001801361856011501379 2018 eng d00aOne pot conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran in the presence of PtCo bimetallic catalyst0 aOne pot conversion of furfural to 2methylfuran in the presence o cMAY a703-7130 v203 a

Biomass-derived furfural (FAL) is the platform chemical for synthesis of various value-added chemicals and fuels. One of the FAL-derived chemicals, i.e., 2-methylfuran (2-MF), is the potential biofuel due to its attractive chemical and physical properties. Various methods are reported for conversion of FAL to 2-MF which are operated at high temperature and high H2 pressure. In present work, one pot catalytic method was developed in batch mode process for conversion of FAL to 2-MF. Reactions are carried out in the presence of PtCo/C bimetallic catalyst under 0.5–1 MPa H2 pressure. Monometallic and bimetallic catalysts with different Pt and Co loading were prepared by wet impregnation method, and catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, BET surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy techniques. 59% 2-MF yield was achieved at 180 °C and lower (0.5 MPa) H2 pressure.

10a2-Methylfuran10aBimetallic catalyst10aCo-impregnation10afurfural10aHydrodeoxygenation10aHydrogenation1 aDohade, M.G.1 aDhepe, P., L. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/one-pot-conversion-furfural-2-methylfuran-presence-ptco-bimetallic-catalyst01999nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260000800208300000800216490000600224520124700230653002401477653001301501653001801514653001701532100002801549700002301577700003301600700002401633856011201657 2018 eng d a2073-434400aTi-doped Pd-Au catalysts for one-pot hydrogenation and ring opening of furfural0 aTidoped PdAu catalysts for onepot hydrogenation and ring opening cJUN a2520 v83 a

Pd-Au bimetallic catalysts with different Pd/Au atomic ratios, supported on ordered structured silica (Hexagonal mesoporous silica-HMS, or Santa Barbara Amorphous-15-SBA-15) were evaluated for one-pot hydrogenation of furfural to 1,2-pentanediol. The surface and structural properties of the catalysts were deeply investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N-2 adsorption isotherms (BET), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), and acid capacity measurements. XPS studies revealed that Ti doped supports had higher dispersion of the active phase, particularly in the case of Pd-Au materials in which Ti played an important role in stabilizing the metallic species. Among the various process conditions studied, such as temperature (160 degrees C), catalyst amount (10% w/w), and reaction time (5 h), H-2 pressure (500 psi) was found to improve the 1,2-pentanediol selectivity. The SBA silica bimetallic Ti-doped system showed the best performance in terms of stability and reusability, after multiple cycles. Under specific reaction conditions, the synergism between Pd-Au alloy and Ti doping of the support allowed the ring opening pathway towards the formation of 1,2-pentanediol in furfural hydrogenation.

10aBimetallic catalyst10afurfural10aHydrogenation10aring-opening1 aDate, Nandan, Shreehari1 aLa Parola, Valeria1 aRode, Chandrashekhar, Vasant1 aTesta, Maria, Luisa uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/ti-doped-pd-au-catalysts-one-pot-hydrogenation-and-ring-opening-furfural01424nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196260000900265300001000274490000800284520057700292653001300869653001300882653002900895653003200924653001500956100001800971700001800989700001901007700002501026856013101051 2019 eng d a1566-736700aPyridine immobilised on magnetic silica as an efficient solid base catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation of furfural with acetyl acetone0 aPyridine immobilised on magnetic silica as an efficient solid ba cMAY  a81-850 v1243 a

Novel heterogeneous pyridine immobilised magnetic silica (Fe3O4@SiO2-Py) was found to be an efficient, greener and heterogeneous solid base catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation of furfural with acetylacetone under optimized reaction conditions. The Knoevenagel condensation product 3-(2-furylmethylene)-2,4-pentanedione (FMP), a jet fuel precursor, was produced in high yield of 85% with 94% conversion of furfural at 100 degrees C within a period of 4 h. Fe3O4@SiO2-Py catalyst showed excellent stability and recyclability without losing its initial activity.

10afurfural10aJet fuel10aKnoevenagel condensation10aSilica immobilised pyridine10aSolid base1 aTarade, Komal1 aShinde, Suhas1 aSakate, Sachin1 aRode, Chandrashekhar uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/pyridine-immobilised-magnetic-silica-efficient-solid-base-catalyst-knoevenagel-condensation02112nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245016200055210006900217260000800286300001100294490000800305520120000313653001301513653002101526653001101547653001601558653002301574653001101597100001901608700002601627700002401653700002001677700001801697856013101715 2020 eng d a0961-953400aMaximization of furanic compounds formation by dehydration and hydrogenation of xylose in one step over SO3-H functionalized H-beta catalyst in alcohol media0 aMaximization of furanic compounds formation by dehydration and h cAUG a1056460 v1393 a

Furanic compounds such as furfural (FUR); furfuryl alcohol (F. Alc) are important renewable platform chemicals can be used as such or further convert for preparation of other value added products such as Levulinic acid (LA), Alkyl Levulinates, 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), and Tetrahydrofuran (THF) etc. Sulfonated H-beta zeolite was successfully prepared and used for the synthesis of furanic compounds especially FUR and F. Alc from c-xylose in one step using isopropanol as alcohol media. Prepared catalyst was well characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET, NH3-Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulfur analysis (CHNS). It was found the total acid amount was increased with increase in sulfur loading which confirmed the sulfonic acid group (SO3-H) was successfully grafted onto zeolite structure. 3 wt% H-beta-SO3-H catalyst with optimized reaction parameters of 150 degrees C, 7 h, 25 wt% catalyst loading was tuned to get the highest furanic compound yield of 88.5% (FUR 76.8% + F.Alc 11.7%).The reusability study confirmed that there was a marginal drop of similar to 25% after 3 recycle runs.

10afurfural10aFurfuryl alcohol10aH-beta10aisopropanol10asulfonated zeolite10aXylose1 aGupta, Anshita1 aNandanwar, Sachin, U.1 aNiphadkar, Prashant1 aSimakova, Irina1 aBokade, Vijay uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/maximization-furanic-compounds-formation-dehydration-and-hydrogenation-xylose-one-step-over02423nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168260000900237300001400246490000600260520155200266653002801818653002401846653001301870653001801883653002301901100002101924700002101945700001901966700002401985700002902009856013102038 2020 eng d a2365-654900aOne pot hydrogenation of furfural to 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran over supported mono- and Bi-metallic catalysts0 aOne pot hydrogenation of furfural to 2methyl tetrahydrofuran ove cAUG  a9590-96000 v53 a

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is a valuable commercial product that can be obtained by direct hydrogenation of furfural. In the present study, among several carbon supported bimetallic Ir-Ni catalysts with different loadings screened, 4% Ir-4% Ni/C catalyst showed excellent activity in terms of direct conversion (99%) to 2-MeTHF with a maximum selectivity of similar to 74% at 220 degrees C and 750 psig, suppressing the formation of side chain as well as ring opening products. The catalytic activity was found to be mainly affected by catalyst preparation methods, metal loadings, surface composition, temperature, pressure and catalyst loading. HR-TEM and STEM revealed well dispersed Ir-Ni NPs having the particle sizes in the range of 2 to 5 nm. Different phases of Ir i. e. Ir degrees and IrO(2)as well as oxygen vacancies were found to be responsible for hydrogenation of furfural to 2-methyl furan while, Ni degrees and NiO were responsible for further hydrogenation to 2-MeTHF. The synergic effect between Ir and Ni was established through XPS, H-2-TPR analysis. With the help of some control experiments, the plausible reaction pathway was also proposed. The catalyst prepared by co-impregnation method found more effective than prepared by sequential addition method. At lower Ni loadings of 1% and 2%, low temperature of 160 degrees C as well as at low H(2)pressure of 250 psig, mixture of furfuryl alcohol and 2-methyl furan were formed selectively. Catalyst could be successfully reused up to 3 times without leaching of metals.

10a2-Methyltetrahydrofuran10aBimetallic catalyst10afurfural10aHydrogenation10aOER type mechanism1 aDate, Nandan, S.1 aHengne, Amol, M.1 aHuang, K., -W.1 aChikate, Rajeev, C.1 aRode, Chandrashekhar, V. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/one-pot-hydrogenation-furfural-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-over-supported-mono-and-bi-metallic02565nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245013700055210006900192260000800261300001400269490000700283520171500290653001602005653001302021653000802034653002402042653002002066653002502086100002002111700002502131700001902156700001602175856012002191 2024 eng d a2190-681500aEffect of furfural, acetic acid and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on yeast growth and xylitol fermentation using Pichia stipitis NCIM 34970 aEffect of furfural acetic acid and 5hydroxymethylfurfural on yea cFEB a4909-49230 v143 a

The valorization of C5 sugars (xylose) from hemicellulose of agro-industrial residues to xylitol, as one of the multi-products biorefinery approach, mandates the pretreatment of biomass which releases fermentable sugars along with the generation of biological inhibitors affecting xylitol fermentation. This study was therefore evaluated to understand the inhibitory kinetics of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid on xylitol fermentation. Xylitol fermentation was established using Pichia stipitis NCIM 3497 with xylose as a pure substrate optimized for xylitol yield and productivity of 0.48 g/g of xylose and 0.13 g/L/h, respectively. The functional relationship of yeast specific growth rate and limiting substrate (xylose) was expressed by Monod-type kinetics. The inhibition kinetics results indicated that the effect of inhibitors on xylitol fermentation was furfural > acetic acid > HMF. Furfural (500 mg/L) and acetic acid (1000 mg/L) reduced xylitol yield by 59% and 44%, respectively, with least reduction of 9.89% exhibited by HMF. The synergistic effect of 500 mg/L furfural, 500 mg/L HMF and 1000 mg/L acetic acid showed the highest reduction in xylitol yield of 67.6% as compared to the control. Kinetic studies predicted that the maximum concentration of furfural, HMF and acetic acid which inhibited P. stipitis growth was 884 mg/L, 3258 mg/L and 2922 mg/L, respectively, whereas xylitol production was completely inhibited at 1069 mg/L furfural, 3498 mg/L HMF and 3714 mg/L acetic acid. Furfural and acetic acid were found to be a competitive inhibitor, while uncompetitive inhibition was observed with HMF indicating negligible effect on xylitol fermentation.

10aAcetic acid10afurfural10aHMF10aInhibition kinetics10aPichia stipitis10aXylitol fermentation1 aBhavana, B., K.1 aMudliar, Sandeep, N.1 aBokade, V., V.1 aDebnath, S. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/effect-furfural-acetic-acid-and-5-hydroxymethylfurfural-yeast-growth-and-xylitol01791nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260000900229300001100238490000800249520097500257653001301232653001801245653001101263653001501274653003101289100002301320700001801343700002501361700003201386856013101418 2024 eng d a0926-860X00aHydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol over nickel-supported on organoclay catalyst0 aHydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol over nic cMAR  a1196210 v6743 a

Nickel supported on organoclay prepared by the impregnation method provides excellent catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The relative amount of metal and acidic sites influences the hydrogenation reaction. Additionally, by varying the temperature and the H-2 pressure, we can regulate the interaction of furfural with the active sites. And this may decide the fate of the reaction whether it will undergo a two-step hydrogenation to form tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol or a rearrangement reaction to form cyclopentanone/cyclopentanol. Water was found to be the best solvent for the selective formation of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Even though alcohols inhibited rearrangement reaction, the hydrogenation of furfural was more selective towards furfuryl alcohol. Ni/O-clay30A under the optimum conditions of 120 degrees C, 4.0 MPa, and in 1 h offered complete conversion of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol.

10afurfural10aHydrogenation10aNickel10aorganoclay10aTetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol1 aKamble, Paresh, A.1 aVinod, C., P.1 aRathod, Virendra, K.1 aKantam, Mannepalli, Lakshmi uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/hydrogenation-furfural-tetrahydrofurfuryl-alcohol-over-nickel-supported-organoclay-catalyst03201nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245016000055210006900215260000800284300001400292490000700306520221300313653002502526653002602551653001702577653002302594653001302617653002002630100001902650700002202669700002902691700002602720700002202746700002502768856013002793 2025 eng d a2168-048500aEnhanced Production and Techno-Economic Analysis of Sustainable Biofuel Production via Continuous Hydrogenation of Furfural Using the Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 Catalyst0 aEnhanced Production and TechnoEconomic Analysis of Sustainable B cFEB a3183-31990 v133 a

2-Methylfuran is a perfect green solution on the pathway of finding alternative fuels. We report here for the first time the continuous production of 2-methylfuran (2-MF), a sustainable biofuel from biomass-derived furfural (FFA), over an industrial Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 (CZA) catalyst. The modified coprecipitation method provides a uniformly dispersed crystalline structure to the synthesized catalysts, along with intended copper (Cu) loading achievement. Different Cu loadings affect the catalytic behavior and activity. Hence, CZA catalysts with two Cu loadings of 9.8 and 4.7% were studied in detail, denoted as C1 and C2, respectively. The catalysts were characterized via XRD, N-2 adsorption, H-2-TPR, NH3-TPD, XPS, ICP-MS, and TEM. Remarkably, the prepared catalysts demonstrate balanced acid sites with mesopores, a high surface area and pore volume, and better controlled nanoparticle size promoting catalytic activity. TEM and H-2-TPR studies reveal a better Cu dispersion. Existence of Cu2+ and Cu (+) even after reduction by XPS study proves the efficiency of the synthesized catalysts. Furthermore, TGA indicates the stability of CZA catalysts. To understand catalytic activity and selectivity, the investigation was carried out in a packed-bed fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. Better physiochemical properties result in high FFA conversion of 33.8% and selectivity of 99.6% for 2-MF. No side products were formed during reaction otherwise improbable via the continuous method. Compared with available literature, the CZA catalyst was found to exhibit superior catalytic performance. The reaction kinetics of furfural hydrogenation to 2-methylfuran was investigated, and it was found that the reaction order is high, and the activation energy was 61.2 kJ/mol. The rate constant k clearly obeyed the Arrhenius law from 180 to 220 degrees C. In addition, evaluation of reaction kinetics also indicated the absence of ring hydrogenation and decarbonylation products, which is difficult to achieve. Finally, the process shows significant economic viability, which resulted in the minimum levelized production cost for 2-methylfuran of 173,068.16 \$/ton with 78.32% overall energy efficiency.

10a2-methylfuran (2-MF)10acontinuous production10aCu-ZnO-Al2O310aeconomic viability10afurfural10agreen synthesis1 aSaha, Biswajit1 aRacha, Arundhathi1 aChaudhary, Puneet, Kumar1 aSingh, Brijesh, Kumar1 aSamanta, Chanchal1 aNewalkar, Bharat, L. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enhanced-production-and-techno-economic-analysis-sustainable-biofuel-production-continuous02902nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260000800247300001100255490000800266520195400274653001802228653000802246653003102254653001302285653002902298653001902327100001902346700002202365700001902387700002302406700001602429700001902445700001802464856013002482 2025 eng d a1385-894700aFacet dependence for solvent-modulated proton-coupled electron transfer in furfural acetalization on Pd nanostructures0 aFacet dependence for solventmodulated protoncoupled electron tra cJUN a1631590 v5143 a

Furfural dialkyl acetals prepared via acetalization reaction of furfural and alcohols are promising biofuels. Using defined experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations, the structure-dependent activity and selectivity for furfural acetalization reaction in the presence of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol) as solvents was studied over well-defined supported Pd nanostructures (octahedra (111), cubes (100) and spheres (both (111) and (100)). Pd cubes supported over TiO2 in the presence of ethanol as a solvent (at 303 K and balloon pressure H-2) exhibited 78 % conversion and 100 % selectivity for furfural diethyl acetal product in a short time (similar to 180 min). In contrast, Pd octahedra (111) and Pd spheres showed low conversions (18 % and 6 %) at the same reaction conditions. Interestingly, when used as a solvent, methanol showed the highest conversion (90 %) and selectivity (100 %) for furfural acetalization over Pd cubes. DFT simulations provided mechanistic insight into the reactivity of the two different Pd facets (111) and (100) in the presence of alcohol molecules towards furfural acetalization reaction. A three-step reaction mechanism was proposed for furfural acetalization with alcohols: (i) alcohol hydroxyl-dehydrogenation (ii) hydrogenation of furfural carbonyl oxygen, and (iii) formation of hemiacetal product. For all three steps, Pd (100) exhibited low activation barriers (51.6, 26.7 and 76.2 kJ/mol) compared to Pd (111) surface (78.6, 35.8 and 92.2 kJ/mol) in the presence of ethanol. The activation barriers for the above steps were further reduced to 47.8, 23.9 and 64.6 kJ/mol on Pd (100) in the presence of methanol, explaining the experimental high reactivity aided by methanol. DFT calculations elucidated the role of the hydrogen bonding network between the solvent molecules and adsorbate, enabling proton-coupled electron transfer for accelerated reactions.

10aAcetalization10aDFT10afacet-dependent reactivity10afurfural10aFurfural dialkyl acetals10asolvent effect1 aPorwal, Govind1 aDandekar, Pallavi1 aGorai, Twinkle1 aKhan, Tuhin, Suvra1 aHaider, Ali1 aGupta, Shelaka1 aVinod, C., P. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/facet-dependence-solvent-modulated-proton-coupled-electron-transfer-furfural-acetalization