01846nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245006000055210005900115260009500174300001200269490000600281520108900287653001501376653000901391653001201400653002501412100002101437700002001458700001701478700002701495856009401522 2008 eng d a1533-488000aSn-119 magic angle spinning NMR of nanocrystalline SnO20 aSn119 magic angle spinning NMR of nanocrystalline SnO2 a25650 NORTH LEWIS WAY, STEVENSON RANCH, CA 91381-1439 USAbAMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERScJAN a321-3280 v83 a

Nanocrystalline SnO2 samples of different grain sizes, prepared by inert gas condensation technique (IGCT) and chemical precipitation method and conforming to the tetragonal phase, have been studied by variable speed (3-10 kHz) Sn-119 MAS NMR at 11.74 Tesla field. Sn-119 solid-state NMR results show that the IGCT prepared samples have good crystallinity and phase purity compared to the samples prepared by the chemical method. The determination of Sn-119 chemical shielding parameters (delta(iso), Delta delta and eta) from slow MAS spectra shows that the Sn-119 isotropic chemical shift (delta(iso)) is strongly influenced at smaller grain sizes, attributable to the change in the O2- local symmetry for the surface Sn-119 ions at smaller grain sizes. The observed line widths in MAS spectra are significantly larger than the life-time broadening due to spin-lattice (T-1) and spin-spin (T,) relaxation. The Sn-119 MAS NMR spectra are thus inhomogeneously broadened by a distribution of isotropic chemical shifts, the line broadening increasing with decrease in grain size.

10aHydrolysis10aIGCT10aMAS NMR10ananocrystalline SnO21 aSabarinathan, V.1 aChandran, Vinod1 aRamasamy, S.1 aGanapathy, Subramanian uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/sn-119-magic-angle-spinning-nmr-nanocrystalline-sno2-002367nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016600055210006900221260007300290300001200363490000800375520144300383653001201826653002201838653001501860653002701875653002501902653001801927100001801945700001801963700001401981856013001995 2010 eng d a0168-165600aEnzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production using xyloglucanase and debaromyces hansenii from tamarind kernel powder: galactoxyloglucan predominant hemicellulose0 aEnzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production using xyloglucanase  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcAUG a233-2390 v1483 a

The hydrolysis and ethanol production from tamarind kernel powder (TKP), a rich source of galactoxyloglucan (GXG) was investigated for the first time using xyloglucanase and thermotolerant Debaromyces hansenii. The acid hydrolysis of TKP with 2N H(2)SO(4) at 120 degrees C for 30 min yielded an overall saccharification of 94% based on the total available carbohydrate content and further fermentation at 40 degrees C with thermotolerant D hansenii produced an ethanol yield of 0.35 g/g. A maximum hydrolysis of 55 and 78% for GXG was obtained in 48 h at 50 degrees C using Thermomonospora xyloglucanase (TXy) and accellerase (TM) 1000, respectively. The synergistic effect of beta-galactosidase and xyloglucanase was demonstrated by the exogenous addition of beta-galactosidase to TXy which improved the overall hydrolysis of GXG by 30%. The rate of hydrolysis of GXG with TXy and accellerase was increased by 15-20% in the presence of chemical surfactants (tween 80 and toluene) or protein additive (BSA). The fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysates of GXG by TXy and accellerase with free cells at 40 degrees C produced an ethanol yield of 0.39 and 0.41 g/g whereas with immobilized cells produced 0.45 and 0.43 g/g, respectively, with a theoretical conversion efficiencies of 78-88%. The immobilized yeast cells were reused six times at 40 degrees C with 100% fermentation efficiency. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10aEthanol10aGalactoxyloglucan10aHydrolysis10aTamarind kernel powder10aThermotolerant yeast10aXyloglucanase1 aMenon, Vishnu1 aPrakash, Gyan1 aRao, Mala uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enzymatic-hydrolysis-and-ethanol-production-using-xyloglucanase-and-debaromyces-hansenii-002012nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260007500231300001200306490000700318520115700325653001401482653002501496653001901521653001501540653002501555653002401580100002101604700002801625856012901653 2011 eng d a1571-101300aBiodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fat over solid acid double-metal cyanide catalysts0 aBiodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fat over sol a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERScSEP a145-1600 v153 a

Biodiesel comprises of fatty acid alkyl esters prepared from vegetable oils or animal fat by esterification/transesterification with short-chain alcohols (methanol or ethanol, for example). It is a biodegradable renewable fuel. Its production is growing exponentially due to greater concerns about environmental protection and depletion of fossil fuel resources. Further, its production from non-edible oils and animal fat is more desirable than from edible oils due to lower cost of non-edible feedstocks and elimination of food verses fuel issues. Solid acid catalysts are ideal for conversion of such low-grade oils to biodiesel. Biodiesel from non-edible oils can be produced by two methods: (1) simultaneous esterification of fatty acids and transesterification of fatty acid glycerides and (2) hydrolysis of glycerides followed by esterification. This account reports the catalytic performance of solid, Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complexes and other acid catalysts in these transformations for biodiesel production. The factors influencing the catalytic performance of the solid acid catalysts in biodiesel production are discussed.

10aBiodiesel10aDouble-metal cyanide10aEsterification10aHydrolysis10asolid acid catalysts10atransesterification1 aSrinivas, Darbha1 aSatyarthi, Jitendra, K. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/biodiesel-production-vegetable-oils-and-animal-fat-over-solid-acid-double-metal-cyanide-002048nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260007300269300001200342490000700354520117600361653001201537653001501549653001301564653001401577653001401591653002501605100001801630700001901648700001401667856012501681 2011 eng d a0378-382000aBioethanol production from renewable polymer lichenan using lichenase from an alkalothermophilic thermomonospora sp and thermotolerant yeast0 aBioethanol production from renewable polymer lichenan using lich aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcMAR a401-4060 v923 a

Biomass feedstocks available decentrally will be more commodious for localized biorefinery approach than the exhaustive large scale and centralized plants driven by cost intensive technology. Lichen is present in a wide range of habitats in a distributed manner. A maximum hydrolysis of 73%-76% for lichenan from Cetraria islandica, Usnea barbata and Parmelia sp. were obtained in 24 h using lichenase from an alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora sp. wherein the hydrolysis was 100% with commercial enzyme Accellerase (TM) 1000. The synergistic role of beta-glucosidase in lichenan hydrolysis was demonstrated by the exogenous addition of beta-glucosidase to Thermomonospora lichenase which resulted in complete hydrolysis. The hydrolysates of lichenan obtained using Accellerase or a cocktail of Thermomonospora lichenase and beta-glucosidase when fermented with free cells of Saccharomyces at 40 degrees C produced an ethanol yield of 0.45 g/g-0.48 g/g with theoretical conversion efficiencies of 93%-96%. The Ca-alginate immobilized yeast cells were reused eight times at 40 degrees C with 100% fermentation efficiency. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10aEthanol10aHydrolysis10aLichenan10aLichenase10aSynergism10aThermotolerant yeast1 aMenon, Vishnu1 aDivate, Rupesh1 aRao, Mala uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/bioethanol-production-renewable-polymer-lichenan-using-lichenase-alkalothermophilic-002381nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245014900055210006900204260009900273300001000372490000700382520140800389653000601797653000801803653003301811653002301844653001201867653001501879653001401894653002501908100001901933700001801952700001401970856013101984 2013 eng d a0964-830500aApproach towards biocatalytic valorisation of barley beta-glucan for bioethanol production using 1,3-1,4 beta-glucanase and thermotolerant yeast0 aApproach towards biocatalytic valorisation of barley betaglucan  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLANDbELSEVIER SCI LTDcAUG a81-860 v823 a

The exploitation of renewable resource containing polymers other than cellulose and hemicellulose are critically important for the feasibility of biofuel production. The potential of 1,3-1,4 glucan 4-gluconohydrolyase mediated saccharification of barley beta-glucan (BG) was investigated for ethanol production using thermotolerant Saccharomyces sp. A maximum hydrolysis of 71% was obtained in 24 h using in-house produced 1,3-1,4 beta-glucanase from an alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora sp. whereas the hydrolysis was 100% with Accellerase (TM) 1000. The synergistic effect of beta-glucosidase and 1,3-1,4 beta-glucanase was demonstrated by the exogenous addition of beta-glucosidase to Thermomonospora 1,3-1,4 beta-glucanase which resulted in complete hydrolysis of BG. The hydrolysates of BG obtained using Accellerase or a cocktail of Thermomonospora 1,3-1,4 beta-glucanase and beta-glucosidase when fermented with free cells of Saccharomyces at 40 degrees C produced an ethanol yield of 0.44 g g(-1) and 0.46 g g(-1) respectively and when fermented with immobilized cells produced a yield of 0.49 g g(-1). The Ca-alginate immobilized yeast cells were reused nine times at 40 degrees C with 100% fermentation efficiency. The economics of barley-to-fuel ethanol program will ameliorate if in addition to barley starch, beta-glucan is also utilized. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

10a110a3-110a4 Glucan 4-gluconohydrolyase10aBarley beta-glucan10aEthanol10aHydrolysis10aSynergism10aThermotolerant yeast1 aDivate, Rupesh1 aMenon, Vishnu1 aRao, Mala uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/approach-towards-biocatalytic-valorisation-barley-beta-glucan-bioethanol-production-using-001676nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013400055210006900189260007100258300001400329490000600343520068500349653002801034653001801062653001201080653001501092653003101107100002901138700002401167700002001191700002301211700002301234700002201257856013101279 2014 eng d a2168-048500aOne-pot synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by cellulose hydrolysis over highly active bimodal micro/mesoporous H-ZSM-5 catalyst0 aOnepot synthesis of 5hydroxymethylfurfural by cellulose hydrolys a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcJUL a1928-19320 v23 a

Direct synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a useful renewable biofuel and biochemical, was systematically studied by hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose over Bimodal-HZ-5 zeolite. Bimodal-HZ-5 zeolite obtained by post-synthesis modification of H-ZSM-5 with desilication was found to be a potential heterogeneous catalyst with 67% cellulose conversion and 46% yield of 5-HMF. Bimodal-HZ-5 was observed to be reusable for four cycles, without any loss in activity. The detailed optimization of process parameters and catalyst reusability are also presented. The present study opens a new avenue for the renewable one-pot synthesis of 5-HMF, a valuable product.

10a5-Hydroxymethylfurfural10aBiomodal-HZ-510aglucose10aHydrolysis10aMicrocrystalline cellulose1 aNandiwale, Kakasaheb, Y.1 aGalande, Nitish, D.1 aThakur, Pratika1 aSawant, Sanjay, D.1 aZambre, Vishal, P.1 aBokade, Vijay, V. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/one-pot-synthesis-5-hydroxymethylfurfural-cellulose-hydrolysis-over-highly-active-bimodal-003093nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260009900252300001200351490000800363520198800371653002802359653001302387653002002400653001502420653003402435100002002469700002202489700002302511700002002534700002402554700002002578700002202598700001802620700002302638856013002661 2016 eng d a0144-861700aProton play in the formation of low molecular weight chitosan (LWCS) by hydrolyzing chitosan with a carbon based solid acid0 aProton play in the formation of low molecular weight chitosan LW aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLANDbELSEVIER SCI LTDcOCT a417-4250 v1513 a

Low molecular weight chitosan (LWCS) constitute a special class of value added chemicals that are primarily obtained from crustacean shells, which are the main water pollutants from crabs and shrimp processing centers. Unlike chitin and chitosan, LWCS possess improved solubility in water and aqueous solutions, making them widely applicable in numerous fields ranging from drug delivery to waste water treatment. Among the methods employed for their production, chemical breakdown by strong liquid acids has yielded good success. However, this method is met with severe concerns arising from the harsh nature of liquid acids, which may corrode the reactors for commercial synthesis, and their limited reusability. The physical methods like ultrasound and microwave are energy intensive in nature, while the enzymatic methods are expensive and offers limited scope for reuse. We have attempted to overcome these problems by employing carbon based solid acid (CSA) for hydrolyzing chitosan to LWCS. CSA can be easily produced using activated carbon, a cost-effective and easily available raw material. Reactions were carried out between chitosan and CSA in a hydrothermal glass reactor and the products, separated by cold centrifugation, were purified and dried. The dried products were characterized for their molecular weight and solubility. Results indicated more than ten-fold decrease in the molecular weight of chitosan and the product exhibited water solubility. The CSA could be used upto four times, without regeneration, to give a consistent quality product. The aqueous solution of resulting LWCS exhibited a pH of 6.03 +/- 0.11, as against the acidic pH range of solutions of commercially available LWCS, indicating its suitability for biomedical applications. Our investigation facilitates a `green approach' that may be employed for commercial production of value added chemicals from waste products of marine industry. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

10aCarbon based solid acid10aChitosan10agreen synthesis10aHydrolysis10aLow molecular weight chitosan1 aKrishnan, Akhil1 aDeshmukh, Pranjal1 aAgarwal, Siddharth1 aPurohit, Poorvi1 aDhoble, Deepa, Arun1 aWaske, Prashant1 aKhandekar, Dileep1 aJain, Ratnesh1 aDandekar, Prajakta uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/proton-play-formation-low-molecular-weight-chitosan-lwcs-hydrolyzing-chitosan-carbon-based02623nas a2200409 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260000800249490000800257520131500265653002101580653002101601653001401622653001301636653002501649653002801674653002401702653002201726653001901748653001501767653002301782653001801805653002601823653001701849653001301866653002501879653003101904653002201935653002301957100002101980700001402001700002102015700002402036700002902060856012402089 2017 eng d a0926-337300aInfluence of carbon based supports on selectivity behavior of diols and propanol in Ru catalyzed glycerol hydrogenolysis0 aInfluence of carbon based supports on selectivity behavior of di cMAY0 v2043 a

Activated carbon (AC) and three graphite materials were studied as supports for Ru catalyzed glycerol hydrogenolysis to propanediols and 1-propanol. Structural characteristics of AC and graphite materials were found to greatly affect the reducibility and particle size of supported Ru and hence, the activity and product distribution in glycerol hydrogenolysis. XRD of graphite materials showed distinctly (002) plane having highly organized layered structure and the peak intensity decreased in the order of Ru/KS150 > Ru/HSAG100 > Ru/KS6 due to decrease in the graphite sheet thickness. In Raman, the intense D band in HSAG100 compared to that in KS6 and KS150 samples indicated its highly amorphous nature or mixed carbon hybridization. Glycerol conversion for Ru on AC was higher than that on graphite and among different graphites, it showed a descending activity order of Ru/KS6 > Ru/HSAG100 > Ru/KS150. The product distribution for AC and HSAG100 supported Ru was similar, giving 1-propanol (45%) alongwith 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) (37%) and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) (9–11%). For graphite supports, availability of Ru although bigger in size (4–5 nm), would be higher on the surface than in case of AC which formed deep hydrogenolysis products like 1-, 2- propanol, ethanol etc.

10aactivated carbon10aAmorphous carbon10acatalysis10aGlycerol10aGlycerol conversions10aGlycerol hydrogenolysis10agraphite composites10aGraphite supports10aHydrogenolysis10aHydrolysis10alayered structures10aParticle size10aProduct distributions10aPropanediols10aPropanol10aSelectivity behavior10aStructural characteristics10aStructural effect10aStructural effects1 aMane, Rasika, B.1 aPatil, S.1 aShirai, Masayuki1 aRayalu, Sadhana, S.1 aRode, Chandrashekhar, V. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/influence-carbon-based-supports-selectivity-behavior-diols-and-propanol-ru-catalyzed01736nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010800055210006900163260000800232300001100240490000800251520094200259653001701201653001501218653001301233653002101246653001301267653001901280100001901299700002601318700002401344856012601368 2020 eng d a1385-894700aUnderstanding the role of solvent properties on reaction kinetics for synthesis of silica nanoparticles0 aUnderstanding the role of solvent properties on reaction kinetic cOCT a1254270 v3983 a

The effect of various alcoholic solvents and their compositions on the size of silica particles synthesized through hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is studied. The alcohols used are: Methanol, ethanol, propanol, i-propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, octanol, decanol and do-decanol. Ethanol was used as a co-solvent with the higher molecular weight alcohols. Silica particles of size between 100 nm and 2 mu m were obtained by changing solvent composition. Concentrations of total soluble silica and silicic acid were measured and used for exploring the kinetics of hydrolysis and condensation reactions. Polarity, steric hindrance and viscosity of solvent were found to have a strong influence on the rate constants and size of silica nanoparticles. An attempt is made to correlate both final particle size and rate constants with dielectric constant, Wiener index and viscosity of the solvent.

10acondensation10aHydrolysis10akinetics10asilica particles10aSolvents10aStober process1 aBari, Atul, H.1 aJundale, Rajashri, B.1 aKulkarni, Amol., A. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/understanding-role-solvent-properties-reaction-kinetics-synthesis-silica-nanoparticles01788nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010800055210006900163260000800232300001500240490000800255520098800263653001401251653001201265653001401277653001501291653004801306100002601354700003001380700002501410856012301435 2022 eng d a0018-019X00aRecent developments in the applications of biomass-derived sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalysts0 aRecent developments in the applications of biomassderived sulfon cAUG ae2022000320 v1053 a

Recently, carbon-based materials are gaining a lot of attraction. It is considered as an emerging area of research and has gained significant importance as an efficient catalyst/material in various fields. Biomass is abundantly available, cheap and a renewable carbon resource. Sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalyst can be derived by sulfonation of various sources of biomass such as sugars, lignin, fruit waste, agro-waste, bio-char, etc. Sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalysts can be used as a substitute to liquid acids. These catalysts possess a stable carbon skeleton and are insoluble in almost all organic solvents as well as under acidic/basic conditions. This review covers details about biomass-derived sulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalysts and its catalytic activities in many important transformations such as hydrolysis of cellulose, synthesis of biodiesel, synthesis of various important chemicals and for various organic transformations.

10aBiodiesel10aBiomass10acellulose10aHydrolysis10asulfonated carbonaceous solid acid catalyst1 aKirdant, Swapnali, P.1 aTamboli, Asma, T. Biradar1 aJadhav, Vrushali, H. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/recent-developments-applications-biomass-derived-sulfonated-carbonaceous-solid-acid01778nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260000800288300001200296490000700308520098600315653002101301653001501322653001301337653002501350653001001375100002001385700002601405856012901431 2022 eng d a0208-642500aUse of isoperibolic reaction calorimeter for the study of reaction kinetics of acetic anhydride hydrolysis reaction: effect of acetic anhydride and water ratio0 aUse of isoperibolic reaction calorimeter for the study of reacti cDEC a255-2640 v433 a

Reaction kinetics of acetic anhydride hydrolysis reaction is being studied at a fixed reaction temperature and ambient pressure using an isoperibolic reaction calorimeter. Temperature versus time data along with heat and mass balance is used to determine the kinetics parameters i.e. activation energy and Arrhenius coefficient. It has been studied with the varying volumetric ratio of acetic anhydride and water; and kinetics parameters were compared and plotted for each ratio. Such a study has not been done previously to determine the kinetics dependency on varying the acetic anhydride water ratio. As the acetic anhydride hydrolysis reaction is exothermic in nature, the present study will help to decide the safe and suitable operating conditions such as concentration and temperature for conducting this reaction at plant scale. The kinetic data presented can be used further for the mathematical modeling and simulation of such exothermic hydrolysis reactions.

10aacetic anhydride10aHydrolysis10akinetics10areaction calorimeter10aWater1 aKumar, Rajendra1 aTiwari, Anurag, Kumar uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/use-isoperibolic-reaction-calorimeter-study-reaction-kinetics-acetic-anhydride-hydrolysis