01752nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136260000800205300001200213490000600225520120000231100003001431700002501461856012001486 2014 eng d00aAntimicrobial and dna damaging activity of ochratoxin a extracted from Penicillium species0 aAntimicrobial and dna damaging activity of ochratoxin a extracte cOCT a335-3410 v53 aThe present investigation was carried out by ten bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis, Escherishia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and five fungal species, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P.expansum, Paceliomycs varioti, Fusarium graminarium were screened for their sensitivity against ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Penicillium verrucosum. Proteus mirabilis was highly sensitive followed by E.aureogens, B.subtilis and K. pneumoniae. Rest of the bacteria was intermediate in their sensitivity when compared with the streptomycin as standard. Similarly P.aurantiogriseum and Paeciolomyces varioti were comparatively more sensitive than the other fungi under study. Aspergillus terreus and P.expansum was sensitive to an intermediate extent. Simultaneously the DNA damaging activity of OTA was also evaluated by PRSET-B plasmid DNA treated with H2O2 plus different concentrations of OTA. The highest DNA stand breaks was observed on even at 25μg/ml of OTA and complete degradation of DNA stand breaks was observed on 30μg/ml of OTA.1 aVankudoth, Koteswara, Rao1 aSivadevuni, Girisham uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/antimicrobial-and-dna-damaging-activity-ochratoxin-extracted-penicillium-species02931nas a2200169 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260000800245300001200253490000600265520226300271100003002534700002202564700002502586700001802611856013202629 2014 eng d00aFactors influence on growth, don and niv production by two species of fusarium isolated from finger millets [eleusine coracana l.]0 aFactors influence on growth don and niv production by two specie cDEC a312-3170 v63 aABSTRACT Objective: The present investigations (In vitro) on an influence of different synthetic and food based [flour] media, pH, temperature and microbial nutrients on growth, Deoxynivalenol [DON] and Nivalenol [NIV] production by Fusarium aethiopicum and F. culmorum was carried out. Methods: Fusarium species associated with the finger millets were isolated and identified phenotypically and further confirmed by molecular methods by Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]. Monosporic seven day old F. aethiopicum and F. culmorum were grown in CYA broth and incubated at 27±2°C on rotary shaker for 21 days at 120 rpm. At the end of 21 day incubation period, cultures were harvested for determination of fungal biomass. The resultant culture filtrates were extracted twice with ethyl acetate and concentrated to get and final concentration of 1 ml in methanol and employed for RP-HPLC analysis for detection of DON and NIV production. Results: Finger millets flour medium induced the highest amount of mycelial growth, DON and NIV production by F. aethiopicum. However, F. culmorum achieved highest amount of hyphal growth, DON and NIV production under the influence of yeast extract sucrose [YES] medium. Maize flour medium, rice flour medium and sorghum flour medium was next preffered substrates. Optimum pH of 5.5-6.5 and temperature of 20-35°C for growth, DON and NIV production was observed. Both the species of Fusarium failed to grow and produce toxins at pH 2.5-3.5 and temperature of 40°C. Yeast extract was most favorable for maximum DON and NIV production, which increased with an increase in its concentration. On the other hand, malt extract and beef extract induced good growth and mycotoxin production at comparatively higher concentration in both the species of Fusarium under study. Conclusion: Comparatively food based media were the better substrates than synthetic media for both growth and DOIN and NIV production by two species of Fusarium under investigation. A positive correlation coefficient [r] on growth [0.458], DON [0.744] and NIV [0.882] was recorded among the media and both the species of Fusarium. Keywords: Finger millets, F. aethiopicum, F. culmorum, Synthetic media, pH, Temperature, Microbial nutrients, DON, NIV, HPLC1 aVankudoth, Koteswara, Rao1 aPenugonda, Shilpa1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, S., M. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/factors-influence-growth-don-and-niv-production-two-species-fusarium-isolated-finger-millets01538nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260000800225300001200233490000600245520084900251100002801100700003001128700001801158700002501176700003301201856012201234 2015 eng d00aEffect of nutritional factors on growth and L-asparaginase production by three thermophilic coprophilous fungi0 aEffect of nutritional factors on growth and Lasparaginase produc cAUG a707-7120 v33 a

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional factors on L-asparaginase production by three thermophilic caprophilous fungi (Thielavia terrestris, Malbranchea cinnamomea and Scytalidium thermophilum) was assessed in YES medium by substituting starch and L-asparagine so as to supply equal amount of carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. D-glucose, starch, maltose and mannitol were best source for growth and L-asparaginase production by all three thermophilic caprophilous fungi under investigation. Similarly L-asparagine, L-arginine, L-tyrosine and L-histidine were good nitrogen sources for both growth and L-asparaginase production. Production of the variance of the data showed the significant difference (P<0.05) among the three thermophilic caprophilous fungi with regards to carbon and nitrogen source.

1 aAjmeera, Shanthi, Priya1 aRao, Vankudoth, Koteswara1 aSreelatha, B.1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, Solipuram, Madhusudha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/effect-nutritional-factors-growth-and-l-asparaginase-production-three-thermophilic02043nas a2200157 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260000800233490000700241520141300248100003001661700001901691700002501710700001801735856013201753 2015 eng d00aEfficacy of food preservatives and volatile compounds in the control of ochratoxin a production by penicillium species0 aEfficacy of food preservatives and volatile compounds in the con cMAR0 v853 a

In the present investigation different volatile compounds and food preservatives were tested for their efficiency in the control of growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium nordicum. Volatiles such as phenols and formic acid which have no residual effect were proved to be effective in checking the growth and OTA production by both the species of Penicillium under study. Vapours of phenols and formic acid significantly inhibited OTA produced by P. verrucosum, while aniline and toluene inhibited the OTA production by P. nordicum to a significant level. A positive correlation coefficient was observed between the growth and toxin production by P. verrucosum (0.55) and P. nordicum (0.66) against different volatile compounds tried. Among food preservatives, sodium acetate and sodium metabisulphate were responsible for total inhibition of OTA production by P. verrucosum at 150 lg/ml concentration. P. nordicum proved to be comparatively more resistant to these substances than P. verrucosum. In conclusion of present investigation, phenol, formic acid, amyl alcohol, propionic acid, sodium acetate and sodium metabisulphate were found to be effective in checking the growth and OTA production by both the species of Penicillium under investigation, and can be exploited in protecting the poultry feed from unwanted mould growth and mycotoxin production.

1 aVankudoth, Koteswara, Rao1 aRao, Narasimha1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, S., M. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/efficacy-food-preservatives-and-volatile-compounds-control-ochratoxin-production-penicillium02043nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260000800201300001400209490000600223520141200229100002101641700003001662700002501692700003301717856012301750 2015 eng d00aFactors influencing L-asparaginase production by three thermophilic caprophilous fungi0 aFactors influencing Lasparaginase production by three thermophil cSEP a1242-12480 v53 a

Influence of medium, pH and temperature on L-asparaginase production by Thielavia terrestris, Malbranchea cinnamomea and Scytalidium thermophilum in submerged fermentation process was investigated. Maximum Lasparaginase production was recorded in the glucose medium supplemented with 0.5% L-asparagine monohydrate on 8th day of incubation. Czapek-dox medium was the next proffered medium for both biomass and L-asparaginase production by the fungi under investigation. Among different pH tried, pH 7.0 was optimum for L-asparaginase production, while enzyme production was marginal in medium with 6.0-8.0. Temperature of 45°C and 50°C were optimum for T. terrestris for growth of M. cinnamomea and S. thermophilum respectively. Maximum Lasparaginase activity of all three fungi was recorded at 45°C with varying extent was recorded. Analysis of variance of the data revealed significant differences (p-0.05) among the different culture media, pH and temperature on the production of L-asparaginase. A significant and positive correlation coefficient (R) was also observed between the growth and L-asparaginase activity of T. terrestris (0.570), M. cinnamomea (0.947) and S. thermophilum (0.948). Conclusion the culture medium and factors like pH, incubation temperature and incubation period play an important role in the L-asparaginase production by all the three thermophilic caprophilous fungi.

1 aShanthipriya, A.1 aRao, Vankudoth, Koteswara1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, Solipuram, Madhusudha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/factors-influencing-l-asparaginase-production-three-thermophilic-caprophilous-fungi02350nas a2200181 4500008004100000245013400041210006900175260000800244300001200252490000600264520164200270100002201912700003001934700001901964700002501983700003302008856012702041 2015 eng d00aInfluence of carbon and nitrogen source on growth, DON and NIV production by two species of fusarium isolated from finger millets0 aInfluence of carbon and nitrogen source on growth DON and NIV pr cMAR a136-1390 v73 a

Objective: Influence of different carbon [C] and nitrogen [N] source on the growth and Deoxynivalenol [DON] and Nivalenol [NIV] production by Fusarium aethiopicum and Fusarium culmorum was investigated. Methods: Seven days old monosporic cultures of F. aethiopicum strain GSKUMB [KJ21085] and F. culmorum strain GSKUMB [KJ190159] were grown in CYA broth and incubated at 27±2°C on the rotary shaker at 120 rpm for 21 days. At the end of incubation period, cultures were harvested for determination of fungal growth (biomass). The resultant culture filtrates were extracted twice with ethyl acetate and concentrated. One ml of final concentrate in methanol was employed for detection of DON and NIV with the help of RP-HPLC. Results: The highest amount of DON and NIV were produced by F. aethiopicum in the presence of D-mannose and D-galactose as C source, while the highest amount of biomass was recorded on maltose and succinic acid. F. culmorum produced maximum amount of toxins in the presence of D-glucose, D-mannitol and D-fructose. Sodium nitrate was most favorable nitrogen source as it induced maximum amount of toxins by F. aethiopicum, while L-methionine, L-asparatic acid and L-tryptophan were next preferred N source. In contrast, highest biomass of fungus was obtained with L-lysine, L-glutamine and L-tyrosine. F. culmorum produced maximum amount of toxin and biomass with potassium nitrate and L-tyrosine respectively. Conclusion: Present species of Fusarium differed varied both in toxins (DON, and NIV) and biomass production. Their response of fungi under investigation towards C and N sources is also varied.

1 aPenugonda, Shilpa1 aRao, Vankudoth, Koteswara1 aRao, Narasimha1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, Solipuram, Madhusudha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/influence-carbon-and-nitrogen-source-growth-don-and-niv-production-two-species-fusarium02252nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166260000800235300001000243490000700253520158400260100002201844700003001866700002501896700003301921856012801954 2015 eng d00aInfluence of different fusarium species on seed germination and seedlings growth of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)0 aInfluence of different fusarium species on seed germination and  cMAR a81-890 v113 a

Effect of agriculturally important Fusariumspecies on the seed germination and seedling growth of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) was investigated. Species of Fusarium caused significant seed germination inhibition and seedling growth which varied with the species and age of the culture. Culture filtrates of F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. aethiopicum, F. heterosporum and F. sporotrichoides were comparatively more toxic. The correlation coefficients between polished and unpolished variety of fingermillet seed germination inhibition (0.574, P=0.005), shoot elongation inhibition (0.893, P=0.0000) and root elongation inhibition (0.175, P=0.1770) with culture filtrates of different species of Fusarium was recorded. Pathogenicity studies revealed that F. roseum, F.sporotrichoides, F. proliferatum and F.oxysporum caused seedrot and seedling death. The maximumroot elongation inhibition (52.20%), mean (36.39%) andminimum(14.73%)were recorded toward the toxicity of different species of Fusarium. Significant and positive correlation (0.802, P=0.0026) between the root and shoot, (0.393, P=0.130) between shoot and leaf, (0.121, P=0.369) between root and leaf elongation inhibition of finger millet could be observed. The culture filtrates ofmajormycotoxigenic strains of Fusariumrevealed production of Zearalenone (ZEA), T2 toxin, nivalenol (NIV), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Deoxyscripenol (DAS). Toxicity of Fusarium species to its seed germination and seedling growth may be attributed to their secondary metabolites including mycotoxins.

1 aPenugonda, Shilpa1 aRao, Vankudoth, Koteswara1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, Solipuram, Madhusudha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/influence-different-fusarium-species-seed-germination-and-seedlings-growth-finger-millet01918nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260000800211300000800219490000700227520131300234100003001547700002501577700003301602856012501635 2015 eng d00aInhibitory effect of essential oils on growth and ochratoxin a production by penicillium species0 aInhibitory effect of essential oils on growth and ochratoxin a p cJUN a1-80 v103 a

The screening of essential oil of brassica (Brassica oleracea), castor (Ricinus communis), coconut (Cocos nucifera), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), neem (Azadirachta indica), palmolive (Elaeis guineensis) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) for their efficacy against growth and OTA production by P. verrucosum and P. nordicum was performed. Neem and eucalyptus oil were most effective inhibitors of biomass and OTA production by both the species of Penicillium under investigation. P. nordicum was totally inhibited at 15 µL mLG1 concentration of neem and eucalyptus oil, while P. verrucosum was inhibited only to the extent of 77.52-92.49%. Sunflower and palmolive oils were next in their toxicity against the growth and OTA production by both the species of Penicillium under investigation. Essential oil of brassica, castor, coconut and groundnut varied in their degree of inhibition against P. verrucosum and P. nordicum. A positive correlation coefficient (R) was observed between the inhibitory effect of essential oils on growth (0.8933) and OTA production (0.9242). In conclusion, neem and eucalyptus oils proved to be potential bio-control agents and help to prevent the infestation of stored foods and feeds by 2 species of Penicillium and elaboration of OTA

1 aRao, Vankudoth, Koteswara1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aReddy, Solipuram, Madhusudha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/inhibitory-effect-essential-oils-growth-and-ochratoxin-production-penicillium-species01416nam a2200133 4500008004100000245003600041210003600077260002500113520100300138100003001141700002501171700001801196856006801214 2016 eng d00aTaxonomy of mycotoxigenic fungi0 aTaxonomy of mycotoxigenic fungi bScientific Publisher3 a

Mycotoxins, toxic metabolites of molds elaborated during their colonization of foods and feeds, pose a threat to human and animal life. Molds are the diverse group of fungi, which grow in compatatively dry and warm environments, produce copious amount of spores and promote the elaboration of these mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic fungi, which are unique their sporulating apparatus and exhibit wide variation in their morphology, poses a challenge in their identification. There are numerous examples of their misidentification leading to wrong conclusions. Precise information on taxonomy of these fungi is lacking. Therefore, this book fulfills the need of providing comprehensive information and keys helpful for the accurate identification of these moulds. The book also provides comprehensive account of morphology, mycotoxins produced and factors leading to the elaboration of mycotoxins. Information on their molecular detection, anamorphic and teleomorphic relationships is also included.

1 aVankudoth, Koteswara, Rao1 aSivadevuni, Girisham1 aM., Reddy, S. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/taxonomy-mycotoxigenic-fungi01822nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155260000800224490000800232520120500240100001801445700001801463700003001481700002501511856012801536 2018 eng d00aMicrobial synthesis of mammalian metabolites of spironolactone by thermophilic fungus thermomyces lanuginosus0 aMicrobial synthesis of mammalian metabolites of spironolactone b cMAY0 v1363 aMesophilic fungi are well recognized as models of mammalian drug metabolism. Thermophilic fungi remained unexplored despite having a unique mechanism of growing at higher temperatures and performing wide diverse reactions. The present investigation is directed to isolate a promising thermophilic fungal strain capable of biotransformation using spironolactone as a model drug. Two-stage fermentation protocol was followed for the process. The transformation of spironolactone was identified by HPLC and structure elucidation of the metabolites was done with the help of LC-MS/MS analysis and previous reports. A strain of Thermomyces lanuginosus isolated from decomposed banana peel waste was found to be most promising in transforming spironolactone to 4 metabolites viz.7α-thiospironolactone (M1) canrenone (M2), 7α-thiomethylspironolactone (M3) and 6β-OH-7α-thiomethylspironolactone (M4), the major mammalian metabolites reported previously. The synthesis of metabolites of spironolactone by T.lanuginosus similar to mammals clearly states that this fungus possess enzyme system similar to mammals. Hence, this fungus has the potential to use as a model organism for studying drug metabolism.1 aSreelatha, B.1 aPrasad, Shyam1 aVankudoth, Koteswara, Rao1 aSivadevuni, Girisham uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/microbial-synthesis-mammalian-metabolites-spironolactone-thermophilic-fungus-thermomyces