02293nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260007100215300001400286490000700300520158200307100002101889700002701910700001801937700001601955700002101971856010701992       2007                        eng d  a0888-588500aEffect of sparger design on the flow in a bubble column: symbolic analysis of LDA data0 aEffect of sparger design on the flow in a bubble column symbolic  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcMAY  a2996-30070 v463 a<p>This paper aims at developing a methodology that helps in the characterization of the effects of a single point and multipoint sparger on the flow patterns in a bubble column reactor. The methodology uses the simultaneously measured instantaneous velocity-time data (two orthogonal velocity components) using LDA at different measurement locations. The data sets are transformed into their equivalent description in terms of polar coordinates, viz., resultant velocity vector and angle. This information is further transformed in terms of symbolic representation in a binary number format. The covariance matrices obtained from the binary data are analyzed for their eigenvalues, and the spectrum is used for the identification of the dominant, energy containing modes in the data. In the vicinity of the sparger, the nature of covariance matrix and the eigenvalue spectrum for the single point sparger (SPS) data was significantly different from that of the multipoint sparger (MPS). In the bulk region, for both types of spargers, the nature of the eigenvalues and the number of dominant modes is seen to be different from the near sparger region. In general, more numbers of eigenvalues are required to capture the total energy in the data for a multipoint sparger when compared to a single point sparger. This suggests a higher level of complexities existing due to the intricate hydrodynamics for the multipoint sparger. The possible use of this methodology for practical purposes, e.g., identification of malfunctioning of gas-liquid sparger reactors is discussed.</p>1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aDeshpande, Suvarna, S.1 aJoshi, J., B.1 aKumar, Ravi1 aKulkarni, B., D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/effect-sparger-design-flow-bubble-column-symbolic-analysis-lda-data01920nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260010600208300001400314490000700328520107600335653001801411653001501429653001901444653001701463653003201480100002101512700002001533700001901553856011801572       2007                        eng d  a0009-250900aHydrodynamics and liquid phase residence time distribution in mesh microreactor0 aHydrodynamics and liquid phase residence time distribution in me  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcDEC  a7484-74930 v623 a<p>This paper is focused on the experimental analysis of residence time distribution and phase hold-up in a mesh microreactor. A microreactor, where a finely weaved mesh is sandwiched between two flat plates with specific inlets for gas and liquid, is proposed. The microvolumes formed upon sandwiching the mesh are totally connected and thus it yields a view of several interconnected microvolumes. This system is easy to build and does not need precision micromachining. A high-speed photographic analysis yielded the phase distribution for different mesh types over a wide range of operating gas and liquid flow rates. The RTD was studied by measuring the liquid phase conductivity at the outlet of the reactor. Channeling prevailed for mesh with smaller open area. The ADEM was used for fitting the tracer curves with tailing ends. The RTD and the image analysis for all the mesh types showed hysteresis when the gas flow rate was maintained constant and the liquid flow rate was gradually increased and then decreased. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10ahydrodynamics10ahysteresis10aimage analysis10amicroreactor10aresidence time distribution1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aGorasia, A., K.1 aRanade, V., V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/hydrodynamics-and-liquid-phase-residence-time-distribution-mesh-microreactor-001874nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260006900229300001400298490000800312520098800320653002801308653002801336653002301364653002601387100002101413700001901434700001501453700001801468700001801486856012801504       2008                        eng d  a1385-894700aFeasibility studies and dynamics of catalytic liquid phase esterification reactions in a micro plant0 aFeasibility studies and dynamics of catalytic liquid phase ester  aPO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLANDbELSEVIER SCIENCE SAcJAN  aS270-S2750 v1353 a<p>We present a new micro reactor concept which is suitable for investigations of heterogeneously catalyzed liquid phase reactions. In the set-up two reactants are mixed in a commercially available interdigital micro mixer. The outlet of the micro mixer is connected to a modular micro reactor that consists of stacked plates. Each plate contains a milled meandering channel filled with catalyst beads. By using a variable number of plates the residence time can be manipulated and thus adjusted for a specific task. The synthesis of butyl acetate is considered as a model reaction since it has been investigated in detail in conventional reaction systems. In a first step, some experimental results of the heterogeneously catalyzed reaction are presented. In the second part, the set-up is operated as a chromatographic reactor. Dynamic behaviour is investigated applying the frontal analysis mode and the elution chromatography mode. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10achromatographic reactor10aheterogeneous catalysis10aintegrated process10amodular micro reactor1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aZeyer, K., -P.1 aJacobs, T.1 aKaspereit, M.1 aKienle, Achim  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/feasibility-studies-and-dynamics-catalytic-liquid-phase-esterification-reactions-micro-001413nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245015500055210006900210260010200279300001200381490000800393520040600401653002900807653002600836653002500862653001700887100002000904700001400924700002100938700001900959700002100978700003000999856013001029       2008                        eng d  a0974-362600aIn situ synthesis of ligand reduced/capped silver nanoparticles and the effect of temperature and ligand structure on the size of silver nanoparticles0 aIn situ synthesis of ligand reducedcapped silver nanoparticles a  aC V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B \#8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIAbINDIAN ACAD SCIENCEScJAN  a515-5200 v1203 a<p>We report in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biosurfactants called sophorolipids as reducing and capping agents. We further study the effect of temperature and the structure of sophorolipid on the size of silver nanoparticles obtained. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and light scattering (DLS) analysis techniques.</p>10adynamic light scattering10aNucleation and growth10asilver nanoparticles10aSophorolipid1 aKasture, M., B.1 aPatel, P.1 aPrabhune, Asmita1 aRamana, C., V.1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aPrasad, Bhagavatula L. V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/situ-synthesis-ligand-reducedcapped-silver-nanoparticles-and-effect-temperature-and-ligand01902nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245013400055210006900189260010600258300001400364490000700378520091400385653001801299653001601317653000801333653004501341653003601386100002201422700001801444700002101462700002601483700002101509856011801530       2008                        eng d  a0301-932200aSVR-based prediction of point gas hold-up for bubble column reactor through recurrence quantification analysis of LDA time-series0 aSVRbased prediction of point gas holdup for bubble column reacto  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcDEC  a1099-11070 v343 a<p>Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) has emerged as a useful tool for detecting singularities in nonstationary time-series data. In this paper, we use RQA to analyze the velocity-time data acquired using laser doppler anemometry (LDA) signals in a bubble column reactor for Single point and Multipoint point spargers. The recurring dynamical states within the velocity-time-series occurring due to the bubble and the liquid passage at the point of measurement, are quantified by RQA features (namely % Recurrence, % Determinism, % Laminarity and Entropy), which in turn are regressed using support vector regression (SVR) to predict the point gas hold-up values. It has been shown that SVR-based model for the bubble column reactor can be potentially useful for online prediction and monitoring of the point gas hold-up for different sparging conditions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10aBubble column10aGas hold-up10aLDA10aRecurrence quantification analysis (RQA)10aSupport vector regression (SVR)1 aGandhi, Ankit, B.1 aJoshi, J., B.1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aJayaraman, Valadi, K.1 aKulkarni, B., D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/svr-based-prediction-point-gas-hold-bubble-column-reactor-through-recurrence-001890nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260007100222300001400293490000700307520124000314100002101554700002801575856012901603       2009                        eng d  a0888-588500aTwo-phase flow in minichannels: hydrodynamics, pressure drop, and residence time distribution0 aTwophase flow in minichannels hydrodynamics pressure drop and re  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcSEP  a8193-82040 v483 a<p>Two-phase flow in mini-channels (1 mm x 1.5 mm x 430 mm and 1.5 mm x 0.5 mm x 430 mm serpentine channel geometry) made in different materials (SS 316, PMMA and Teflon) was studied at different flow rate ratio (0.66, 1.0 and 1.56) of the two immiscible fluids. A dual syringe pump was used to pump the fluids (air-water and water-kerosene) through the channels. For characterization of the two phase flow, experiments were carried out to measure the slug size distribution and relevant hydrodynamic properties, pressure drop across a single serpentine unit (i.e., one sinusoidal unit that includes two 180 degrees return bends connected by a straight portion of 20 mm) and also the residence time distribution of water. In all the cases, the effect of material of fabrication on the hydrodynamics was significant. Apart from flow rates and flow rate ratio of the two fluids, the slug size distribution was seen to have a strong effect of the channel orientation (vertical, horizontal) and also the flow direction (up-flow and down-flow). In the RTD studies, the response curve observed at the end of the channel was significantly different than the published literature. The reasons for such observations are discussed in detail.</p>1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aKalyani, Vishwanath, S.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/two-phase-flow-minichannels-hydrodynamics-pressure-drop-and-residence-time-distribution-001868nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260011000227300001200337490000700349520105000356100002301406700002001429700002101449700001901470700003001489700002101519856012201540       2010                        eng d  a1463-926200aContinuous flow synthesis of functionalized silver nanoparticles using bifunctional biosurfactants0 aContinuous flow synthesis of functionalized silver nanoparticles  aTHOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLANDbROYAL SOC CHEMISTRYcAPR  a609-6150 v123 a<p>Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by continuous flow methods using biosurfactants, namely, oleic acid sophorolipid (OASL) and stearic acid sophorolipid (SASL). Both the sophorolipids can act as reducing and capping agents. The effect of temperature on the completion of nanoparticle formation and the particle growth dynamics (size) were studied in batch mode. While the completion of the reaction using oleic acid sophorolipid needed 20 min, only 5 min were required with the stearic acid sophorolipid as capping and reducing agent. Hence all the continuous flow experiments were carried out using the stearic acid sophorolipid. The continuous flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out in a stainless steel helical coil and also in a spiral polymeric minichannel reactor. The DLS results show that higher flow rate leads to the formation of bigger and polydisperse particles because of incomplete reactions. Higher residence time allowed the completion of reaction leading to spherical, small and monodisperse particles.</p>1 aKumar, D., V. Ravi1 aKasture, Manasi1 aPrabhune, Asmita1 aRamana, C., V.1 aPrasad, Bhagavatula L. V.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/continuous-flow-synthesis-functionalized-silver-nanoparticles-using-bifunctional-001656nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245009200055210006900147260007100216300001400287490000700301520095700308100002101265700002201286700002201308700002201330856012201352       2013                        eng d  a1083-616000aContinuous flow multipoint dosing approach for selectivity engineering in sulfoxidation0 aContinuous flow multipoint dosing approach for selectivity engin  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcOCT  a1293-12990 v173 a<p>A continuous synthesis approach with multipoint dosing of one of the reagents is demonstrated for the synthesis of sulfoxide compounds such as proton pump inhibitors. Use of multipoint dosing of the oxidizing agent helped to minimize the possibility of over-oxidation leading to sulfone. Different oxidizing agents were used, and the effect of various parameters (viz. mole ratio of sulfide to oxidizing agent, temperature, residence time, concentration of oxidizing agent, etc.) on the yield of the desired sulfoxide compound was studied. Single-point and multipoint dosing approaches of the oxidizing agent were used for the most promising set of parameters. The performance was compared in terms of conversion of sulfide and the selectivity of the desired sulfoxide. Numbering up approach was used to produce the sulfoxide in a relatively large quantity at laboratory scale with complete conversion and over 99% selectivity for the sulfoxide.</p>1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aNivangune, N., T.1 aJoshi, Rohini, R.1 aJoshi, Ramesh, A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/continuous-flow-multipoint-dosing-approach-selectivity-engineering-sulfoxidation-001697nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260007100228300001600299490000700315520100200322100002301324700003001347700002101377856012901398       2013                        eng d  a0888-588500aImpinging jet micromixer for flow synthesis of nanocrystalline MgO: role of mixing/impingement zone0 aImpinging jet micromixer for flow synthesis of nanocrystalline M  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcDEC  a17376-173820 v523 a<p>Continuous flow synthesis of nanomaterials via sol-gel process using microreactors has not received much attention. For the synthesis of gels where the reaction time is of the order of few seconds to few tens of seconds, microchannel reactors are an excellent processing option. However since a `gel' does not `flow' easily, making it in a microchannel usually clogs the microchannel. We envisaged that by using an impinging jet micromixer, where the two reactants impinge and collide to form a mixing zone outside the micromixer, this problem could be circumvented. Here we report a successful implementation of continuous flow synthesis of metal oxides formed by the rapid sol-gel process taking the nanocrystalline MgO (NC-MgO) as a specific example. Furthermore, we clearly demonstrate that the nature of the mixing zone formed by the impinging jets governs the surface area of the product. Specific flow rate and impingement angle are identified that yield high surface area materials.</p>1 aKumar, D., V. Ravi1 aPrasad, Bhagavatula L. V.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/impinging-jet-micromixer-flow-synthesis-nanocrystalline-mgo-role-mixingimpingement-zone-001572nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260011000250300001600360490000600376520070600382100002301088700002001111700002601131700002601157700002101183700003001204856013201234       2013                        eng d  a2046-206900aSurfactant-free synthesis of anisotropic gold nanostructures: can dicarboxylic acids alone act as shape directing agents?0 aSurfactantfree synthesis of anisotropic gold nanostructures can   aTHOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLANDbROYAL SOC CHEMISTRYcAUG  a21641-216470 v33 a<p>The present study describes the synthesis of gold nanostructures using different dicarboxylic (viz. oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric and adipic) acids as reducing agents in the absence of any other additives or surfactants. Various anisotropic structures such as kites, tadpoles, triangular/hexagonal plates, and twinned particles were seen to evolve depending on the molar ratio of dicarboxylic acid to HAuCl4 used. It was also demonstrated that gold nanostructure formation is hampered as the chain length/distance between two carboxylic acid groups increases. Among the various structures obtained the kite like structures displayed the largest surface enhanced Raman enhancement factors.</p>1 aKumar, D., V. Ravi1 aKumavat, S., R.1 aChamundeswari, V., N.1 aPatra, Partha, Pratim1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aPrasad, Bhagavatula L. V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/surfactant-free-synthesis-anisotropic-gold-nanostructures-can-dicarboxylic-acids-alone-act-001803nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260007300210300001200283490000800295520098300303653002101286653001901307653001701326653002401343653001601367100002301383700002101406700003001427856011601457       2014                        eng d  a0927-775700aMicrofluidic platform for continuous flow synthesis of triangular gold nanoplates0 aMicrofluidic platform for continuous flow synthesis of triangula  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcFEB  a149-1550 v4433 a<p>A microfluidic platform for the continuous flow synthesis of triangular gold nanoplates with and without surfactants is developed. The temperature profile in the microchannel, residence time and composition have been studied to understand effect of these parameters on the yield of the triangular nanoplates and were optimized for obtaining maximum yield of triangles. The flow synthesis approach has been demonstrated where the Br- ions can be supplied to the reaction mixture either from the surfactant viz. Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or even from HBr. Apart from the Br- ions, the temperature gradient at the inlet of the continuous flow reactor is one of the key parameter that affects the yield of the triangular nanoplates. Finally we establish that with a right combination of the controlling parameters abetter yield of the Au nanotriangles by flow methods can be achieved even in the absence of surfactant. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aAu nanotriangles10aFlow synthesis10amicroreactor10aNucleation kinetics10aSurfactants1 aKumar, D., V. Ravi1 aKulkarni, A., A.1 aPrasad, Bhagavatula L. V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/microfluidic-platform-continuous-flow-synthesis-triangular-gold-nanoplates-001957nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245011800055210006900173260007100242300001400313490000700327520126300334100001501597700002201612700002101634856013201655       2015                        eng d  a1083-616000aContinuous-flow nitration of o-xylene: effect of nitrating agent and feasibility of tubular reactors for scale-up0 aContinuousflow nitration of oxylene effect of nitrating agent an  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcSEP  a1138-11470 v193 a<p>Continuous-flow nitration of o-xylene has been studied with different nitrating agents over a wide range of conditions for different parameters such as temperature, residence time, and concentrations. A nitrating mixture comprising sulfuric acid and fuming nitric acid was seen to yield higher selectivity for the isomer 1,2-dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene over the isomer 1,2-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene and also a non-negligible quantity of dinitro derivatives of o-xylene. With only fuming nitric acid as the nitrating agent, the reaction was selective for 1,2-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene over 1,2-dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene. Impurities mainly come from nitration of mononitro derivatives, and this occurs more from nitration of the 3-nitro isomer because of its higher reactivity with nitric acid. An economic analysis of the continuous-flow reactor for the production of 1,2-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene at 100 and 500 kg/h in a jacketed tubular reactor showed that numbering-up is a more economical approach for higher production capacity. A combination of large- and small-sized tubes depending upon the relative rates of heat generation during a reaction will achieve more profit and a shorter payback period than having the entire reactor made of a single tube size.</p>1 aSharma, Y.1 aJoshi, Ramesh, A.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/continuous-flow-nitration-o-xylene-effect-nitrating-agent-and-feasibility-tubular-reactors-001489nas a2200157   4500008004100000245006700041210006500108260000800173300001400181490001000195520096200205100001801167700003001185700002101215856009501236       2018                        eng d00a Wet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles: a review0 aWet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles a review  cSEP  a5091-51070 v 20  3 aMetal oxide nanoparticles are an important class of nanomaterials that have found several applications in science and technology. Through wet chemical synthesis, it is possible to achieve selective surface structures, phases, shapes, and sizes of metal oxide nanoparticles, leading to a set of desired properties. Wet chemical synthesis routes allow fine tuning of the reaction conditions (temperature, concentration of substrate, additives or surfactants, pH, etc.) to afford the desired nanomaterials. In this review article, we highlight recent developments in the wet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles to provide great control over the quality of the obtained nanomaterials. The review critically evaluates the different wet chemical methods for scalable production of metal oxide nanoparticles to satisfy the growing industrial demand for nanomaterials. Special attention is paid to continuous flow synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles.1 aNikam, A., V.1 aPrasad, Bhagavatula L. V.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/wet-chemical-synthesis-metal-oxide-nanoparticles-review01582nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008400041210006900125260000800194300001000202490000800212520107300220100001201293700002101305856011001326       2019                        eng d00aQuantitative comparison of strategies to delay clogging in straight capillaries0 aQuantitative comparison of strategies to delay clogging in strai  cMAY  a88-990 v1993 aIt is challenging to achieve non-stop flow of a liquid-solid suspension through small channels as it eventually leads to clogging. This paper presents a quantitative comparison of four different techniques for enhancement of solid handling processes in microchannels of two different diameters. These techniques include dosing of the inert gas phase, dosing of the inert and immiscible liquid phase, and changing the wall wettability and multi-point injection, which, in principle, individually follow different mechanisms to delay clogging. An antisolvent based method for precipitation of salt was used to generate solid particles during flow. Clogging time at various flow rates from all the methods was measured and analysed. Irrespective of the method of delaying clogging, the scaling law of clogging time as a function of residence time was seen to remain unchanged. Among these methods, dosing of an inert, immiscible liquid has been identified as the most effective and robust method to delay clogging while enhancing transport of particles in segmented flow.1 aPal, S.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/quantitative-comparison-strategies-delay-clogging-straight-capillaries01306nas a2200145   4500008004100000245009200041210006900133260000800202300001700210520075800227100001500985700001801000700002101018856012101039       2019                        eng d00aTelescoped sequence of exothermic and endothermic reactions in multistep flow synthesis0 aTelescoped sequence of exothermic and endothermic reactions in m  cJAN  aArticle ASAP3 aA multistep sequential flow synthesis of isopropyl phenol is demonstrated, involving 4-step exothermic, endothermic, and temperature sensitive reactions such as nitration, reduction, diazotization, and high temperature hydrolysis. Nitration of cumene with fuming nitric acid produces 2- and 4-nitrocumene which are converted into respective cumidines by the hydrogenation using Pd/Ni catalyst in H-cube with gravity separation. Hydrolysis of in situ generated diazonium salts in the boiling acidic conditions is carried out using integration of flow and microwave-assisted synthesis. 58% of 4-isopropyl phenol was obtained. The sequential flow synthesis can be applied to synthesize other organic compounds involving this specific sequence of reactions.1 aSharma, Y.1 aNikam, A., V.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/telescoped-sequence-exothermic-and-endothermic-reactions-multistep-flow-synthesis00661nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260000900239300000800248490000600256100001900262700001400281700001900295700001800314700002100332856012600353       2021                        eng d  a2058-988300aAssessing the impact of deviations in optimized multistep flow synthesis on the scale-up (vol 5, pg 838, 2020)0 aAssessing the impact of deviations in optimized multistep flow s  cFEB   a3530 v61 aSharma, M., K.1 aRaval, J.1 aAhn, Gwang-Noh1 aKim, Dong-Pyo1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/assessing-impact-deviations-optimized-multistep-flow-synthesis-scale-vol-5-pg-838-202002950nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260000800210490000800218520239000226100002202616700002002638700002102658856012502679       2021                        eng d00aHeterogeneous nucleation in citrate synthesis of AgNPs: effect of mixing and solvation dynamics0 aHeterogeneous nucleation in citrate synthesis of AgNPs effect of  cOCT0 v4213 a<p><span style="color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, STIXGeneral, &quot;Cambria Math&quot;, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400;">The heterogeneity issues in silver nanoparticle nucleation (Lee-Meisel route) have been investigated. The final polydispersity and sphericity of the nanoparticles in the Lee-Meisel scheme are shown to depend upon the early time dynamics of silver-citrate complexation. The formation of macromolecular intermediary complexes in the early stages of the reaction is visualized based on online DLS data, TEM analysis, and the mass balances of silver and citrate ions. The reversible complexation between citrate ions and silver citrate is shown to be the limiting step that governs the directional growth of the nanoparticles. The dynamics of the complexation of citrate are seen to form a very rapid step and intense mixing was required for the complexation to happen uniformly across the reaction. This specific observation is also confirmed from the MD simulations. Thus, to get particles of high sphericity, irrespective of the reaction concentration, temperature, or reactor geometry, the mixing time should be &lt;4&nbsp;s and&nbsp;</span><em style="color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, STIXGeneral, &quot;Cambria Math&quot;, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400;">Da</em><span style="color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, STIXGeneral, &quot;Cambria Math&quot;, &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Symbol&quot;, &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;, serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;~&nbsp;0.1. Optimal mixing conditions for isotropic growth are suggested based on the reaction kinetics and are also demonstrated with experimental evidence.</span></p>1 aDeshpande, J., B.1 aChakrabarty, S.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/heterogeneous-nucleation-citrate-synthesis-agnps-effect-mixing-and-solvation-dynamics01581nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260000800215300001400223490000600237520100200243100001701245700001701262700002101279856011101300       2022                        eng d  a2058-988300aAssessment of a multipoint dosing approach for exothermic nitration in CSTRs in series0 aAssessment of a multipoint dosing approach for exothermic nitrat  cJUN  a1671-16790 v73 a<p>
	The exothermic aromatic nitration of a biaryl compound is studied using various configurations of CSTRs in series. The relative rates of heat generation and heat removal in different configurations are compared to identify safer options while taking scale-up-related decisions. The effects of different parameters on the steady-state temperatures of the CSTRs are demonstrated through simulations. The use of multipoint dosing in three different CSTRs of increasing volume in series was compared with the use of standard CSTRs of equal volume in series. The distribution of the nitrating agent in three different CSTRs in series helped to distribute the heat duty and thereby helped maximise the throughput almost 2.4-fold when compared with a conventional approach based on the co-addition of all the reactants in the first CSTR. Various feed combinations were studied, and suitable designs that fall within the safe operating range of CSTRs for highly exothermic reactions are given.</p>
1 aMule, G., M.1 aKulkarni, S.1 aKulkarni, A., A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/assessment-multipoint-dosing-approach-exothermic-nitration-cstrs-series