02579nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260011000231300001400341490000700355520165400362100003002016700001902046700002202065700001802087700001702105700002602122700001602148700002002164700002102184856013202205       2016                        eng d  a1463-926200aIsolation and characterization of new lignin streams derived from extractive-ammonia (EA) pretreatment0 aIsolation and characterization of new lignin streams derived fro  aTHOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLANDbROYAL SOC CHEMISTRYcAUG  a4205-42150 v183 a<p>One of the key challenges facing lignin conversion to fuels and chemicals is related to the level of carbohydrate and ash impurities found in extracted lignin. Structural modifications of lignin may also occur as a result of biomass pretreatment and harsh lignin extraction protocols. Extractive-Ammonia (EA) is a new pretreatment technology that uses liquid ammonia to cleave lignin-carbohydrate complexes, decrystallize cellulose, solubilize lignin, and selectively extract Lignin from lignocellulosic biomass, enabling better utilization of both lignin and carbohydrate components in a biorefinery. The EA-based biorefinery produces two different lignin-rich streams, with different properties, that could potentially be upgraded to fuels and chemicals using green processes. In this work, a water/ethanol-based fractionation method was developed to enrich the ammonia-soluble extractives, resulting in a major product stream containing 92% lignin. Detailed characterization of the various streams resulting from EA treatment, including compositional analysis, structural characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, elemental analysis, molecular weight analysis, and thermo-gravimetric analysis provides a broad evaluation of the EA derived lignin product stream structures and properties, assessing their potential for commercial applications. In summary, EA-derived lignins preserve much of lignin's functionality, including the sensitive (3-aryl ether units. Nitrogen incorporation was observed in the lignin-rich streams, notably due to the presence of hydroxycinnamoyl amides formed during ammonia pretreatment.</p>1 aSousa, Leonardo, da Costa1 aFoston, Marcus1 aBokade, Vijay, V.1 aAzarpira, Ali1 aLu, Fachuang1 aRagauskas, Arthur, J.1 aRalph, John1 aDale, Bruce, E.1 aBalan, Venkatesh  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/isolation-and-characterization-new-lignin-streams-derived-extractive-ammonia-ea-pretreatment