01468nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245005300055210005300108260007300161300001200234490000700246520074800253653001301001653002301014653002601037653002101063653002201084100002101106700001801127700001301145856008001158       2005                        eng d  a0167-577X00aSynthesis of bismuth titanate by the urea method0 aSynthesis of bismuth titanate by the urea method  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcFEB  a514-5160 v593 a<p>A simple urea precipitation route was adopted for the preparation of bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) powders. Stoichiometric quantities of BiCl3 and TiOCl2 were mixed with the required amount of urea (the ratio of total metal cations to urea is five), and the mixture was heated on a water bath. This leads to the formation of precipitate, which was decomposed at 973 K. The formation of bismuth titanate was observed on calcining powders at 973 K by X-ray diffraction studies. The average particle size is found to be 100 nm by microscopy. The room temperature dielectric constant is found to be 150 at 1 kHz. The hysteresis loop parameters were also obtained by home-built Sawer-Tower circuit. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aCeramics10aChemical synthesis10adielectric properties10aferroelectricity10aX-ray diffraction1 aAnilkumar, Mettu1 aDhage, S., R.1 aRavi, V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/synthesis-bismuth-titanate-urea-method-001277nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245005600055210005600111260010600167300001200273490000700285520055300292653001300845653002300858653002400881653001100905653002200916100002100938700001300959856008700972       2005                        eng d  a0025-540800aSynthesis of nanocrystalline Mn3O4 at 100 degrees C0 aSynthesis of nanocrystalline Mn3O4 at 100 degrees C  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcAPR  a605-6090 v403 a<p>A simple gel to crystal conversion route has been followed for the preparation of nanocrystalline tetragonal Mn3O4 powders at 80-100 degrees C under refluxing conditions. Freshly prepared manganese hydroxide gel is allowed to crystallize under refluxing and stirring conditions for 4-6 h. Formation of nano crystallites of Mn3O4 is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigations revealed that the average particle size is 50 nm for these powders. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10aCeramics10aChemical synthesis10aElectron microscopy10aOxides10aX-ray diffraction1 aAnilkumar, Mettu1 aRavi, V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/synthesis-nanocrystalline-mn3o4-100-degrees-c-0