02175nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260008000239300001400319490000800333520125000341653002001591653002101611653001901632653000901651653002601660653001201686100002501698700001801723700001901741700003001760856013101790 2008 eng d a1618-264200aImaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryo-derived peanut leaves by scanning electrochemical microscopy0 aImaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryoderived peanut  aTIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANYbSPRINGER HEIDELBERGcJUL a2227-22330 v3913 a

The stomatal physiology, chlorophyll distribution and photosynthetic activity of somatic embryo (SE)- and seedling-derived peanut plants grown in vitro (test tube-grown) and extra vitrum (soil-grown) are investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). This SECM imaging is performed in two different feedback modes, corresponding to oxygen evolution and chlorophyll distribution. More specifically, the oxygen evolution profiles of the in vitro leaves indicate important differences in leaf anatomy between the SE- and seedling-derived leaves. On the other hand, the chlorophyll distribution images show individual stomata of size ca. 27 +/- 5 mu m. Further studies on senescing (aged) leaves reveal interesting voltammograms that vary widely over the stomatal complexes and the surrounding tissues, probably due to the release of electroactive metabolites during chlorophyll breakdown when the leaves turn yellow. Thus, the present investigation could open up new opportunities for characterizing botanical systems using electroanalytical techniques. In addition, it could provide further insights into various areas of current relevance, including signal transduction, cell fate/differentiation and developmental biology.

10aleaf senescence10aoxygen evolution10aphotosynthesis10aSECM10asomatic embryogenesis10astomata1 aParthasarathy, Meera1 aSingh, Shweta1 aHazra, Sulekha1 aPillai, Vijayamohanan, K. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/imaging-stomatal-physiology-somatic-embryo-derived-peanut-leaves-scanning-electrochemical-001848nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260005700222300001200279490000700291520103600298653001701334653002001351653002101371653001901392653001901411653002101430100002501451700001901476856012301495 2010 eng d a0931-189000aIn vitro regeneration of semecarpus anacardium L. from axenic seedling-derived nodal explants0 aIn vitro regeneration of semecarpus anacardium L from axenic see a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcAUG a733-7420 v243 a

Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae), a deciduous forest tree, is a potent source of medicinal compounds. Poor seed viability of this species limits the conventional propagation practice. Proliferation of shoots from axillary meristem was achieved in semisolid WPM medium supplemented with BAP 4.44 mu M and KN 4.64 mu M. Factors including culture vessels, gelling agents and antioxidants were identified and optimized for proliferation and growth of shoots in vitro. Cotton-plugged culture vessels were more favorable. Phytagel 0.2% as gelling agent and activated charcoal 0.2% as antioxidant were superior to other agents and antioxidants tested. All the shoots rooted in half-strength WPM liquid medium with IBA 2.46 mu M. Rooted shoots survived (91%) in the soil-sand 1:1 mixture. Ex vitro rooting of shoots and hardening of plants were achieved in 80% of the explants in the soil-sand mixture. Hardened plants were maintained in a greenhouse. This is the first report on in vitro regeneration of Semecarpus anacardium.

10aAntioxidants10aCulture vessels10aEx vitro rooting10aGelling agents10aMedicinal tree10amicropropagation1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aHazra, Sulekha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/vitro-regeneration-semecarpus-anacardium-l-axenic-seedling-derived-nodal-explants-002243nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260005700208300001200265490000600277520146500283653001101748653001701759653002101776653002101797653001401818653002601832100002501858700001901883856011101902 2012 eng d a1863-546600aIn vitro morphogenic response in cotyledon explants of semecarpus anacardium L.0 aIn vitro morphogenic response in cotyledon explants of semecarpu a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcAPR a141-1480 v63 a

Three different morphogenic responses-caulogenesis, direct somatic embryogenesis, and callusing-were noted in cotyledon explants of Semecarpus anacardium L. cultured in woody plant medium (WPM) containing thidiazuron (TDZ). Thidiazuron, at all concentrations tested, induced organogenic as well as embryogenic responses. The organogenic buds differentiated to shoots and the embryogenic mass (EM) gave rise to globular embryos which differentiated up to cotyledon-stage embryos on repeated culture in growth regulator (GR)-free WPM medium containing 0.2% activated charcoal after the removal of TDZ. The organogenic and embryogenic responses were optimal in 9.08 mu M TDZ after the removal of TDZ. Elongated shoots rooted in half-strength liquid WPM medium with 2.46 mu M indole butyric acid. Plants were successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil. Histological studies confirmed the direct origin of the organogenic buds from the cotyledon explants. The EMs produced somatic embryos on repeated culture in charcoal incorporated GR-free medium. Morphogenic callus formation from the cotyledon explants was also noted. This callus on repeated culture in WPM medium with charcoal differentiated into somatic embryos. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis was evident from direct and indirectly formed primary embryos. The somatic embryos did not convert into plantlets, though sporadic germination of embryos was observed through the emergence of roots.

10acallus10aCaulogenesis10aGlobular embryos10aGrowth regulator10aHistology10asomatic embryogenesis1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aHazra, Sulekha uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/vitro-morphogenic-response-cotyledon-explants-semecarpus-anacardium-l-0