02165nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245006000055210005900115260005700174300001200231490000700243520144900250653001701699653001401716653001801730653001601748653001601764100002101780700002101801700001901822856009401841       2005                        eng d  a1054-547600aThidiazuron-induced morphogenesis in tamarind seedlings0 aThidiazuroninduced morphogenesis in tamarind seedlings  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcMAY  a240-2430 v413 a<p>Germination of tamarind seeds in medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ) resulted in induction of nodular protrusions in and around the cotyledonary node meristem. The structures developed radially in well-defined circles and subsequently spread towards the cotyledonary bridge and also in the proximal part of the hypocotyl. The structures developed into shoots on transfer to medium devoid of growth regulators. Histological studies revealed that the protrusions initiated from the nodal meristem and extended to the non-meristematic region between the two meristems and also in the proximal part of the hypocotyl in seedlings germinated in 9.08 mu M TDZ. Newly formed cell layers and less-differentiated meristematic protrusions were also seen. With the increase in the distance from the meristem, the buds were less differentiated; in the proximal part of the hypocotyl only the multiple layers of meristematic cells were noted. With extension of the period of incubation, the TDZ-induced meristematic activity extended laterally in circles towards the neighboring region. The radial spread of the meristematic activity from the center of the nodal meristem was also evident at 18.16 mu M TDZ. From the pattern of the morphogenic development and the histological studies it may be hypothesized that in tamarind, TDZ influences the existing meristems specifically. Subsequently de novo organogenesis is triggered in the neighboring cells.</p>10aCaulogenesis10aHistology10amorphogenesis10aprotrusions10athidiazuron1 aMehta, Urmil, J.1 aSahasrabudhe, N.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/thidiazuron-induced-morphogenesis-tamarind-seedlings-002444nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245005500055210005500110260006100165300001200226490000700238520177700245653001402022653001102036653001302047653002602060653001602086100001602102700001902118856008902137       2007                        eng d  a1054-547600aMicropropagation of mature pongamia pinnata pierre0 aMicropropagation of mature pongamia pinnata pierre  a233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcDEC  a608-6130 v433 a<p>Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium with benzylaminopurine (BA), kinetin (KN), zeatin (Z), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were tested for induction of multiple shoots from mature-tree-derived axillary meristems of Pongamia pinnata. Sprouting of buds was 64% on medium devoid of plant growth regulators (PGR). Incorporation of BA, KN, or Z was ineffective in enhancing sprouting frequency or induction of multiple shoots. Sprouting was completely suppressed in the presence of TDZ. Caulogenic buds appeared in nodal meristems of these explants after withdrawal of TDZ. The number of shoot buds was more on explants precultured in higher concentrations. At higher concentrations of this PGR, a swelling developed at the axil. Multiple shoot primordia appeared and differentiated from this swelling after culturing these explants on MS medium for six passages of 2 wk each. Shoots were harvested and cultured on 0.45 mu M TDZ for further proliferation. Primary explants after harvesting of shoots were identified as `stump'. Reculturing of stumps on 0.45 mu M TDZ produced more shoots. This step was followed for six cycles to obtain additional shoots in each cycle. Shoots maintained on 0.45 mu M TDZ elongated and rooted (70%) on growth regulator-free medium. Rooted shoots (65%) survived transfer to a sand/soil mixture. This report describes the protocol for micropropagation of P. pinnata using mature-tree-derived nodal meristems. Recycling of mature stock to produce a stream of useable shoots for subculturing and eventual stabilization is of great value and can possibly be generalized as an isolation protocol especially for woody species. Repeated proliferation of caulogenic buds from the same origin may also find application in rescue of endangered germplasm.</p>10aBiodiesel10aPongam10aPongamia10ashoot differentiation10athidiazuron1 aSujatha, K.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/micropropagation-mature-pongamia-pinnata-pierre-002438nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245017900055210006900234260007600303300001200379490000800391520150800399653001901907653001601926653002101942653001001963653002401973653001901997100001702016700002102033700001902054856012302073       2008                        eng d  a1436-873000aAccumulation of cadmium in growing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings - its effect on lipid peroxidation and on the antioxidative enzymes catalase and gualacol peroxidase0 aAccumulation of cadmium in growing peanut Arachis hypogaea L see  aCOMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USAbWILEY-BLACKWELLcJUN  a440-4470 v1713 a<p>In plants exposed to high metal concentrations, mechanisms to counteract the oxidative burst are crucial for its survival. To investigate the temporal sequence of physiological reactions of peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) to cadmium exposure, seeds were cultured in increasing concentrations of CdCl(2), ranging from 50 to 300 mu M. Germination frequency was scored, and the distributions of Cd in root, stem, and leaves were determined after 2 and 4 weeks of culture. Lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes including catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxiclase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.7) were estimated in these three parts of the plant. Germination of seedlings was not affected, but the growth of seedlings was severely suppressed with increasing concentrations of CdCl(2) and incubation period. Pattern of Cd distribution in the three organs varied with concentration and period of exposure to Cd. Increased lipid peroxidation was detected in all parts of the developing seedlings with increasing metal accumulation. Catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activity varied in the three parts of the seedlings with concentration of Cd and incubation period. Guaiacol peroxidase activity appears to be more active in scavenging the reactive oxygen species in developing peanut seedlings. The results of the present experiment demonstrate the advantages of a tissue-culture model system in studying the complex network of interactions of various factors in stress tolerance.</p>10aAbiotic stress10aheavy metal10astress tolerance10aTBARS10athiobarbituric acid10aTissue culture1 aKumar, Sunil1 aMehta, Urmil, J.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/accumulation-cadmium-growing-peanut-arachis-hypogaea-l-seedlings-its-effect-lipid-001779nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260010200246300001200348490000700360520084400367653002301211653001801234653002801252653002101280653001401301653001401315100001301329700001701342700002101359700001901380856012601399       2008                        eng d  a0011-389100aDifferential accumulation of manganese in three mature tree species (Holoptelia, Cassia, Neem) growing on a mine dump0 aDifferential accumulation of manganese in three mature tree spec  aC V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B \#8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIAbINDIAN ACAD SCIENCEScMAR  a639-6430 v943 a<p>Three trees, including Cassia siamea (Cassia), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Holoptelia integrifolia (Holoptelia) belonging to three different families were identified from a manganese mine tailing dump. Manganese content in dump soil and in the stem, green leaves and dry, fallen leaves of the plants was determined. Values were compared with similar samples collected from normal vegetation. Under control condition, manganese content was highest in Cassia. Distribution of metal in samples collected from the dump site revealed that Holoptelia has a special ability to accumulate high amounts of manganese under stress condition followed by Cassia and Neem. There is no literature on metal accumulation in Holoptelia. Mechanism of manganese sequestration in Holoptelia is different from the other two trees growing in the same soil.</p>10aAzadirachta indica10aCassia siamea10aHoloptelia integrifolia10ahyperaccumulator10amanganese10amine dump1 aRaju, D.1 aKumar, Sunil1 aMehta, Urmil, J.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/differential-accumulation-manganese-three-mature-tree-species-holoptelia-cassia-neem-002363nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260007400214300001000288490000700298520158400305653002101889653002001910653002601930653001601956100002101972700001601993700001902009856011702028       2008                        eng d  a0167-685700aEffect of TDZ and 2, 4-D on peanut somatic embryogenesis and in vitro bud development0 aEffect of TDZ and 2 4D on peanut somatic embryogenesis and in vi  aVAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDSbSPRINGERcJUL  a85-900 v943 a<p>Failure of peanut somatic embryos to convert into plantlets is attributed to the abnormal development of the plumule. Thidiazuron (TDZ) was effective in the conversion of peanut somatic embryos to plantlets by triggering morphogenetic activity in the abnormal plumules of the rooted somatic embryos. The present study aimed to induce normal embryo differentiation by culturing the embryogenic masses in embryo development medium containing 2,4-D and various concentrations of TDZ. Although this was not achieved due to restricted somatic embryo development in the presence of TDZ, bud-like projections appeared in the embryogenic masses when these were cultured in media containing combinations of 2,4-D and TDZ. These projections developed into buds, which subsequently formed shoots and plantlets. The response varied with the concentration and exposure of TDZ. At lower concentrations, the buds appeared in a defined row in the equatorial region of the explant, and with extended incubation, more and more buds appeared in rows alongside the initial row. Induction of multiple buds in a defined row in this specific site (equatorial region) suggested the presence of potent cells around this region. At higher concentrations, these projections appeared in large numbers spread over the whole upper part of the embryogenic mass starting from the equatorial region. The ability of embryogenic mass to convert into organogenic mass and to produce large number of organogenic buds provides an excellent system for basic studies and for the genetic transformation of peanut.</p>10aArachis hypogaea10aembyogenic mass10asomatic embryogenesis10athidiazuron1 aJoshi, Madhumita1 aSujatha, K.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/effect-tdz-and-2-4-d-peanut-somatic-embryogenesis-and-vitro-bud-development-002175nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260008000239300001400319490000800333520125000341653002001591653002101611653001901632653000901651653002601660653001201686100002501698700001801723700001901741700003001760856013101790       2008                        eng d  a1618-264200aImaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryo-derived peanut leaves by scanning electrochemical microscopy0 aImaging the stomatal physiology of somatic embryoderived peanut   aTIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANYbSPRINGER HEIDELBERGcJUL  a2227-22330 v3913 a<p>The stomatal physiology, chlorophyll distribution and photosynthetic activity of somatic embryo (SE)- and seedling-derived peanut plants grown in vitro (test tube-grown) and extra vitrum (soil-grown) are investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). This SECM imaging is performed in two different feedback modes, corresponding to oxygen evolution and chlorophyll distribution. More specifically, the oxygen evolution profiles of the in vitro leaves indicate important differences in leaf anatomy between the SE- and seedling-derived leaves. On the other hand, the chlorophyll distribution images show individual stomata of size ca. 27 +/- 5 mu m. Further studies on senescing (aged) leaves reveal interesting voltammograms that vary widely over the stomatal complexes and the surrounding tissues, probably due to the release of electroactive metabolites during chlorophyll breakdown when the leaves turn yellow. Thus, the present investigation could open up new opportunities for characterizing botanical systems using electroanalytical techniques. In addition, it could provide further insights into various areas of current relevance, including signal transduction, cell fate/differentiation and developmental biology.</p>10aleaf senescence10aoxygen evolution10aphotosynthesis10aSECM10asomatic embryogenesis10astomata1 aParthasarathy, Meera1 aSingh, Shweta1 aHazra, Sulekha1 aPillai, Vijayamohanan, K.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/imaging-stomatal-physiology-somatic-embryo-derived-peanut-leaves-scanning-electrochemical-002482nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245008600055210006900141260005700210300001200267490000600279520172400285653002002009653002202029653003102051653001102082653002602093100001802119700001902137856010802156       2009                        eng d  a1863-546600aSomatic embryogenesis from the axillary meristems of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)0 aSomatic embryogenesis from the axillary meristems of peanut Arac  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcOCT  a333-3400 v33 a<p>Developmental anomalies in the plumule meristem of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) somatic embryos resulted in poor shoot differentiation and reduced plant recovery. Existing meristems with caulogenic potential have never been tested for embryogenesis in peanut. The present experiment was designed to test the mature zygotic embryo axis derived plumule with three meristems for somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic masses and embryos developed from the caulogenic meristems in the axils. Exposure of 2 weeks in primary medium with 90.5 A mu M 2,4-D suppressed the shoot tip differentiation temporarily which then regained the ability to form the shoot on withdrawal of 2,4-D. Exposure of 4 weeks in primary medium with 90.5 A mu M 2,4-D suppressed the shoot tip differentiation irreversibly. No shoot formation was noted from the tips in any of the cultures which were in secondary medium with 13.6 A mu M 2,4-D. Development of somatic embryos directly from axillary meristems was confirmed histologically. Conversion frequency of these embryos was 11%. Thus, in this report, we describe a method to obtain somatic embryos from the determined organogenic buds of the axillary meristem, by culturing the nodal explant vertically on embryo induction medium. It also displays the possibility of obtaining both embryogenic and organogenic potential in two parts of the same explant simultaneously. The possibility of extending this approach for genetic transformation in in vivo system through direct DNA delivery or Agrobacterium injection in meristems can also be explored. Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, we have demonstrated the possibility of gene transfer in the axillary meristems of seed-derived plumule explant.</p>10aApical meristem10aAxillary meristem10aMature zygotic embryo axis10aPeanut10asomatic embryogenesis1 aSingh, Shweta1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/somatic-embryogenesis-axillary-meristems-peanut-arachis-hypogaea-l-000709nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260010200220300001400322490000700336100001600343700002000359700001800379700001900397856012300416       2010                        eng d  a0011-389100aAssessment of Pongamia pinnata (L.) - a biodiesel producing tree species using ISSR markers0 aAssessment of Pongamia pinnata L a biodiesel producing tree spec  aC V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B \#8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIAbINDIAN ACAD SCIENCEScNOV  a1327-13290 v991 aSujatha, K.1 aRajwade, A., V.1 aGupta, V., S.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/assessment-pongamia-pinnata-l-biodiesel-producing-tree-species-using-issr-markers-001848nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260005700222300001200279490000700291520103600298653001701334653002001351653002101371653001901392653001901411653002101430100002501451700001901476856012301495       2010                        eng d  a0931-189000aIn vitro regeneration of semecarpus anacardium L. from axenic seedling-derived nodal explants0 aIn vitro regeneration of semecarpus anacardium L from axenic see  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcAUG  a733-7420 v243 a<p>Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae), a deciduous forest tree, is a potent source of medicinal compounds. Poor seed viability of this species limits the conventional propagation practice. Proliferation of shoots from axillary meristem was achieved in semisolid WPM medium supplemented with BAP 4.44 mu M and KN 4.64 mu M. Factors including culture vessels, gelling agents and antioxidants were identified and optimized for proliferation and growth of shoots in vitro. Cotton-plugged culture vessels were more favorable. Phytagel 0.2% as gelling agent and activated charcoal 0.2% as antioxidant were superior to other agents and antioxidants tested. All the shoots rooted in half-strength WPM liquid medium with IBA 2.46 mu M. Rooted shoots survived (91%) in the soil-sand 1:1 mixture. Ex vitro rooting of shoots and hardening of plants were achieved in 80% of the explants in the soil-sand mixture. Hardened plants were maintained in a greenhouse. This is the first report on in vitro regeneration of Semecarpus anacardium.</p>10aAntioxidants10aCulture vessels10aEx vitro rooting10aGelling agents10aMedicinal tree10amicropropagation1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/vitro-regeneration-semecarpus-anacardium-l-axenic-seedling-derived-nodal-explants-001842nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245009500055210006900150260008000219300001200299490000700311520103800318653001701356653002301373653001801396653001501414653000801429100001301437700002101450700001901471856012201490       2011                        eng d  a0931-189000aSynthesis of gold nanoparticles by various leaf fractions of Semecarpus anacardium L. tree0 aSynthesis of gold nanoparticles by various leaf fractions of Sem  aTIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANYbSPRINGER HEIDELBERGcAPR  a145-1510 v253 a<p>Gold nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Semecarpus anacardium leaf extracts in water and the green biomass. Extract prepared at ambient condition by crushing the leaves in deionized water is identified as `green extract', and that by boiling the leaf pieces as `boiled extract'. The mass remaining after separating the `green extract' is identified as `green biomass'. These components triggered rapid reduction of Au(III) to Au (0) in HAuCl4 solution indicating the natural ability of the leaves of S. anacardium to synthesize NPs in ambient conditions. Green extract produced more NPs compared to the boiled extract suggesting denaturization of some of the useful factors due to boiling. NPs were quantified using UV and ICP-AES analysis. These were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. TEM images of the particles formed with green extract, boiled extract and green biomass showed that the particles were of different shapes and sizes.</p>10aBiosynthesis10agold nanoparticles10aGreen extract10aSemecarpus10aTEM1 aRaju, D.1 aMehta, Urmil, J.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/synthesis-gold-nanoparticles-various-leaf-fractions-semecarpus-anacardium-l-tree-002243nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260005700208300001200265490000600277520146500283653001101748653001701759653002101776653002101797653001401818653002601832100002501858700001901883856011101902       2012                        eng d  a1863-546600aIn vitro morphogenic response in cotyledon explants of semecarpus anacardium L.0 aIn vitro morphogenic response in cotyledon explants of semecarpu  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcAPR  a141-1480 v63 a<p>Three different morphogenic responses-caulogenesis, direct somatic embryogenesis, and callusing-were noted in cotyledon explants of Semecarpus anacardium L. cultured in woody plant medium (WPM) containing thidiazuron (TDZ). Thidiazuron, at all concentrations tested, induced organogenic as well as embryogenic responses. The organogenic buds differentiated to shoots and the embryogenic mass (EM) gave rise to globular embryos which differentiated up to cotyledon-stage embryos on repeated culture in growth regulator (GR)-free WPM medium containing 0.2% activated charcoal after the removal of TDZ. The organogenic and embryogenic responses were optimal in 9.08 mu M TDZ after the removal of TDZ. Elongated shoots rooted in half-strength liquid WPM medium with 2.46 mu M indole butyric acid. Plants were successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil. Histological studies confirmed the direct origin of the organogenic buds from the cotyledon explants. The EMs produced somatic embryos on repeated culture in charcoal incorporated GR-free medium. Morphogenic callus formation from the cotyledon explants was also noted. This callus on repeated culture in WPM medium with charcoal differentiated into somatic embryos. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis was evident from direct and indirectly formed primary embryos. The somatic embryos did not convert into plantlets, though sporadic germination of embryos was observed through the emergence of roots.</p>10acallus10aCaulogenesis10aGlobular embryos10aGrowth regulator10aHistology10asomatic embryogenesis1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/vitro-morphogenic-response-cotyledon-explants-semecarpus-anacardium-l-002211nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260009200211300001000303490000800313520144000321653001701761653002101778653002901799653001601828100002501844700001901869856011701888       2012                        eng d  a1126-350400aMicropropagation of semecarpus anacardium L.: a medicinally important tree species0 aMicropropagation of semecarpus anacardium L a medicinally import  a4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLANDbTAYLOR & FRANCIS LTDcOCT  a61-680 v1463 a<p>Semecarpus anacardium L., a deciduous forest tree, is a source of medicinal compounds. Poor seed-viability restricts the conventional propagation. Micropropagation protocol is standardized for this species. Shoot culture-derived nodal explants were cultured in woody plant media supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ). Shoot differentiation from meristem was limited. Meristems swelled to form meristematic mass in higher concentrations of TDZ. Swelling of meristem was attributed to the proliferation of meristematic cells. Development of shoots from meristematic mass on withdrawal of TDZ in culture medium indicated the inhibitory influence of TDZ on differentiation of buds to form shoots. Harvesting the primary shoot, leads to appearance of additional shoot buds which elongated on repeated transfer of explants in a medium devoid of growth regulator every four weeks. Optimum (17) number of shoots obtained from each meristem in explants pre-cultured in TDZ 2.27 mu M and re-cultured in growth regulator free medium for seven cycles (28 weeks). This confirms the stimulatory influence of TDZ on proliferation of meristem and inhibitory influence on shoot differentiation. All shoots, rooted in the medium with Indole butyric acid 2.46 mu M. Plantlets survived on transfer to sand: soil (1: 1) mixture and acclimatized. This is the first report on micropropagation of S. anacardium from seedling derived nodal buds using TDZ.</p>10aMeristematic10amicropropagation10aSemecarpus anacardium L.10athidiazuron1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/micropropagation-semecarpus-anacardium-l-medicinally-important-tree-species-001743nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260007300208300000800281490000800289520094500297653000901242653001701251653001801268653002601286653001401312653000801326100001301334700001901347700002101366856011401387       2013                        eng d  a0167-577X00aPhytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by semecarpus anacardium L. leaf extract0 aPhytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by semecarpus anacardium   aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcJUL  a5-70 v1023 a<p>Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Semecmpus anacardium L leaf extract was studied. The reduction of silver (Ag+) ions was characterized by using UV-vis spectrophotometer showing formation of AgNPs within 15-20 mm. A time dependent reaction showed the increase in the nanoparticles (NPs) with time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the synthesized AgNPs varied from 10 to 25 nm and has spherical shape. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that phenols and protein were responsible for the formation of the AgNPs. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis confirms the formed NPs were of silver. The quantification of AgNPs was studied by inductive coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES). The important outcome of this work can be value addition to the medicinal plants in synthesis of NPs for biomedical applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aFTIR10aLeaf extract10aNanoparticles10aSemecarpus anacardium10asynthesis10aTEM1 aRaju, D.1 aHazra, Sulekha1 aMehta, Urmil, J.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/phytosynthesis-silver-nanoparticles-semecarpus-anacardium-l-leaf-extract-002416nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260000900226300000700235490000600242520164400248653002301892653002101915653001401936653002601950653001901976100002501995700002102020700001902041856012602060       2017                        eng d  a2190-572X00aOptimizing culture conditions for establishment of hairy root culture of semecarpus anacardium L.0 aOptimizing culture conditions for establishment of hairy root cu  cAPR   a210 v73 a<p>Semecarpus anacardium L. is a tree species which produces secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Roots of the plant have been traditionally used in folk medicines. Different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A4, ATCC15834 and LBA 9402) were used for induction of hairy roots in in vitro grown tissues of the plant. Hairy root initiation was observed after 25-30 days of infection. Optimum transformation frequency of 61% was achieved on leaf explants with ATCC15834 strain. Infection time of 30 min resulted in greater transformation frequency compared to 10 and 20 min, respectively. The hairy roots cultured in growth regulator-free semi-solid woody plant medium differentiated into callus. Whole shoots infected with ATCC 15834 were found to produce more transformants upon co-cultivation for 4 (65%) and 5 (67%) days. Induction of hairy roots in stem explants infected with ATCC 15834 was lower (52%) compared to leaves (62%) after 4 days of co-cultivation. In A4 and LBA9402 strains transformation efficiency was 49 +/- 2.8% and 36 +/- 5.7% in shoots after 4 days of co-cultivation. Transformation frequency was higher in ATCC15834 strain, irrespective of explants. The hairy roots of S. anacardium elongated slowly upon transfer to half-strength liquid medium. After 3-4 passages in liquid medium slender hairy roots started differentiating which were separated from the original explants. Visible growth of the roots was observed in hormone-free liquid medium after 2-3 months of culturing. Polymerase chain reaction with gene-specific primers from rol A, B and C genes confirms the positive transformation events.</p>10aHairy root culture10aIn vitro culture10arol genes10aSemecarpus anacardium10aTransformation1 aPanda, Bhuban, Mohan1 aMehta, Urmil, J.1 aHazra, Sulekha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/optimizing-culture-conditions-establishment-hairy-root-culture-semecarpus-anacardium-l