01156nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245006800055210006800123260007100191300001200262490000700274520054300281100002400824700001800848700002600866856009400892       2009                        eng d  a1083-616000aPilot plant study of recovery of lactic acid from ethyl lactate0 aPilot plant study of recovery of lactic acid from ethyl lactate  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcMAY  a573-5750 v133 a<p>Purified lactic acid is used for production of biodegradable polymer. Esterification with ethanol and subsequent hydrolysis in distillation columns to produce purified lactic acid without catalyst has obvious advantages. In this paper, we present a pilot-plant study of ethyl lactate hydrolysis to produce 3.86 kg/h lactic acid (99.85% purity) using three distillation columns. Simulation of distillation columns at steady state has been carried out, and the results obtained tally with the experimental results of the pilot plant.</p>1 aBarve, Prashant, P.1 aRahman, Imran1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/pilot-plant-study-recovery-lactic-acid-ethyl-lactate-002224nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245013000055210006900185260007100254300001400325490000700339520143400346100002401780700002301804700002701827700002201854700002601876856012801902       2012                        eng d  a0888-588500aPreparation of pure methyl esters from corresponding alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids using carbon dioxide and methanol0 aPreparation of pure methyl esters from corresponding alkali meta  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcFEB  a1498-15050 v513 a<p>In the present article, for the first time, we report the synthesis of alkyl esters by direct esterification of alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids using carbon dioxide and alcohol. Methyl acetate, methyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, and methyl lactate have been synthesized by esterification of sodium acetate, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, and calcium lactate, respectively. The esterification reaction was carried out in a batch as well as in a semicontinuous mode of operation. A detailed study on the esterification of calcium lactate using methanol and carbon dioxide was carried out to record the effects of various operating parameters (like CO2 pressure, reaction temperature, moisture content in the calcium lactate, and initial concentrations of calcium lactate) on the esterification reaction. This synthesis route produces highly pure methyl lactate by direct esterification of calcium lactate with calcium carbonate as byproduct. The byproduct calcium carbonate was characterized for its crystallinity, surface area, and pore volume. The process route has the advantage that the synthesized byproduct can be recycled into the fermenter to make corresponding alkali metal lactate or the finely precipitated calcium carbonate can be used for various other applications. Thus, the recovery and recycle of alkali metal is possible providing a pollution free process for synthesis of pure methyl lactate.</p>1 aBarve, Prashant, P.1 aKamble, Sanjay, P.1 aJoshi, Jyeshtharaj, B.1 aGupte, Milind, Y.1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/preparation-pure-methyl-esters-corresponding-alkali-metal-salts-carboxylic-acids-using-002370nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245022700055210006900282260007100351300001400422490000700436520149300443100002301936700002401959700002701983700001802010700002602028856012202054       2012                        eng d  a0888-588500aPurification of lactic acid via esterification of lactic acid using a packed column, followed by hydrolysis of methyl lactate using three continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in series: a continuous pilot plant study0 aPurification of lactic acid via esterification of lactic acid us  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcFEB  a1506-15140 v513 a<p>The world market of lactic acid is growing every year, mainly as a solvent and precursor to poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The cost of renewable biomass-derived PLA will have to compete with other synthetic polymers, if it is to grab a significant and sustainable fraction of the market share. It is thus necessary to have efficient and cost-effective technology for the production of pure-grade lactic acid (LA). In this article, a novel cost-effective, eco-friendly continuous process for the production of high-quality lactic acid at pilot plant scale has been demonstrated. The novelty of this process is that, for the first time, we report and use the concept of inverse reactive distillation for the esterification of crude concentrated LA in a continuous countercurrent packed column mode. This allows us to operate the column at higher temperatures, improving the kinetic rate process and leading to shorter columns. This is followed by the hydrolysis of methyl lactate (MLA) in a series of three continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs), where LA itself acts as a catalyst. The LA obtained in the pilot plant process shows 99.81% purity (by weight) on water-free basis and has an optical purity of 99.9%. The pilot scale experimental results pertaining to the autocatalytic esterification of LA and hydrolysis of MLA have been compared and validated, with respect to simulated results. The innovations reported here can make the process economically viable for commercial use.</p>1 aKamble, Sanjay, P.1 aBarve, Prashant, P.1 aJoshi, Jyeshtharaj, B.1 aRahman, Imran1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/purification-lactic-acid-esterification-lactic-acid-using-packed-column-followed-002212nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260011000288300001000398490000700408520106800415653003101483653002701514653002501541653003301566653001601599653003501615653001901650653002001669100001801689700002001707700002201727700002601749700002301775856012401798       2016                        eng d  a0376-471000aPhotocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin center dot HCl using Aeroxide (R) P-25 TiO2 photocatalyst: comparative evaluation of solar and artificial radiation0 aPhotocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin center dot HCl using  aDR K S KRISHNAN MARG, PUSA CAMPUS, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIAbNATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION-NISCAIRcJAN  a16-220 v553 a<p>The photocatalytic degradation of ciprofioxacin (CFX) has been investigated using Aeroxide (R) P-25 TiO2 photocatalyst in the presence of solar as well as artificial radiation. The effects of different operating parameters like initial concentration of CFX, catalyst loading, pH of solution and effect of co-existing ions on photocatalytic degradation of CFX have been investigated with a view to establish the optimum operating conditions. It is observed that as the initial concentration of CFX increases, the rate of photocatalytic degradation decreases. Optimum catalyst loading is observed at 1 g L-1 for CFX concentration of 100 mg L-1. Over the pH range 3-11, maximum degradation rate occurs at pH 9. The mechanism and intermediates formed during the photocatalytic degradation of CFX are discussed based on UPLC-MS/MS analysis. From kinetic studies, it is found that the photocatalytic degradation obeys pseudo-first order kinetics. The degradation rate constant using solar radiation is about 1.7 times higher than that under artificial radiation.</p>10aAdvanced oxidation process10aAeroxide (R) P-25 TiO210aArtificial radiation10aCiprofloxacin center dot HCl10aDegradation10aPharmaceutical micropollutants10aPhotocatalysis10aSolar radiation1 aShetty, Rohit1 aKothari, Gaurav1 aTambe, Amruta, S.1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.1 aKamble, Sanjay, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/photocatalytic-degradation-ciprofloxacin-center-dot-hcl-using-aeroxide-r-p-25-tio2-002412nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245015200055210006900207260007900276300001200355490000700367520132100374653002401695653003401719653002401753653002101777653002401798100001801822700002401840700001701864700002701881700001501908700002301923700001901946700002601965856013101991       2016                        eng d  a2194-574800aPrediction of reactivity ratios in free radical copolymerization from monomer resonance-polarity (Q-e) parameters: genetic programming-based models0 aPrediction of reactivity ratios in free radical copolymerization  aGENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANYbWALTER DE GRUYTER GMBHcFEB  a361-3720 v143 a<p>The principal deficiency of the widely utilized Alfrey-Price (AP) scheme for computing reactivity ratios in the widely used free radical copolymerization is that it ignores important factors, such as the steric effects. This often leads to inaccurate reactivity ratio predictions by AP model. Accordingly, in this study, exclusively data-driven, Q-e parameter-based new models have been developed for the reactivity ratio prediction in free radical copolymerization. In the model development, a novel artificial intelligence formalism known as ``genetic programming (GP)'' that performs symbolic regression has been employed. The GP-based models possess a different functional form than AP model. Further, parameters of GP-based models were fine-tuned using Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) nonlinear regression method. A comparison of AP, GP and GP-LM as well as artificial neural network (ANN)-based models indicates that GP and GP-LM models exhibit superior reactivity ratio prediction accuracy and generalization performance (with correlation coefficient magnitudes close to or greater than 0.9) when compared with AP and ANN models. The GPbased reactivity ratio prediction models developed here due to their higher accuracy and generalization capability have the potential of replacing the widely used AP models.</p>10aAlfrey-Price scheme10afree radical copolymerization10agenetic programming10areactivity ratio10asymbolic regression1 aShrinivas, K.1 aKulkarni, Rahul, P.1 aShaikh, Saif1 aGhorpade, Ravindra, V.1 aVyas, Renu1 aTambe, Sanjeev, S.1 aPonrathnam, S.1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/prediction-reactivity-ratios-free-radical-copolymerization-monomer-resonance-polarity-q-e-102171nas a2200169   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260000800254490000700262520148400269100001801753700002201771700003201793700002601825700002301851856012701874       2017                        eng d00aPhotocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals pollutants using N-doped TiO 2 photocatalyst: identification of CFX degradation intermediates0 aPhotocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals pollutants using N  cFEB0 v593 aThe N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized by the sol–gel method and characterized in detail in terms of its morphology, structure and composition. The prepared N-doped TiO2 exhibited polycrystalline structure having particle sizes of around 50–120 nm and rod-shaped geometry. The N-doped TiO2 was subsequently used for the photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of pharmaceutical micropollutants, namely ciprofloxacin HCl (CFX), naproxen (NPX) and paracetamol (PARA) and it was found that the rate of degradation of CFX and NPX is higher than that of PARA. To verify the beneficial effect of N-doped TiO2 for PCD of CFX, similar experiments were carried out using commercially available Aeroxide P-25 TiO2. It was observed that N-doped TiO2 was more efficient than Aeroxide® P-25 TiO2. It was also found that the PCD of CFX in the presence of N-doped TiO2 was highly efficient under the solar radiation as compared with artificial radiation. The effect of various operating parameters, such as adsorption of CFX, pH of the aqueous solution, effect of co-existing ions on PCD of CFX, was investigated using artificial radiation and optimum conditions were established. The intermediates formed during the PCD of CFX were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The presented results demonstrate that N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst shows excellent photocatalytic activity in the visible region for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants.1 aShetty, Rohit1 aChavan, Vilas, B.1 aKulkarni, Prashant, Shripad1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.1 aKamble, Sanjay, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/photocatalytic-degradation-pharmaceuticals-pollutants-using-n-doped-tio-2-photocatalyst02377nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260000800226300001200234490000700246520158300253653002601836653002601862653001801888653001101906100002601917700002801943700002701971700002601998856012302024       2019                        eng d  a0944-134400aProcess development of silica extraction from RHA: a cradle to gate environmental impact approach0 aProcess development of silica extraction from RHA a cradle to ga  cJAN  a492-5000 v263 a<p>India is one of the major rice-producing countries. Rice husk is a major agricultural by-product from rice production, which is used as a fuel in boilers. Its use as fuel produces huge amounts of silica-rich rice husk ash (RHA). This paper aims at providing an overall assessment of environmental impacts associated with the extraction of silica from RHAa process developed by our study group. The functional unit used in this study is production of 100kg of silica. The analysis included the extraction and transportation of other raw materials; RHA was assumed to be processed at the site. The study was conducted in accordance with the international ISO 14040 procedural framework. LCA is performed using GaBi Education software, and five midpoint indicators are chosen to assess the environmental impacts of silica extraction. The overall climate change (CC) of the extraction process is 7.26kg CO2 equivalent per kg of silica produced. A high contribution of calcination to CC is attributed to the use of electricity. The comprehensive environmental impacts of silica-rich RHA resulting from processing of RHA and improvement options to achieve sustainable production are presented. The negative impacts that can be avoided during silica extraction are also discussed. It is observed that calcination is a major contributor to the overall environmental indicators. The work also stresses on the use of renewable energy for electricity generation, which would help in decreasing the overall greenhouse gas emissions during extraction while ensuring waste utilization.</p>10aEnvironmental impacts10aLife cycle assessment10aRice husk ash10asilica1 aJoglekar, Saurabh, N.1 aKharkar, Rhushikesh, A.1 aMandavgane, Sachin, A.1 aKulkarni, Bhaskar, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/process-development-silica-extraction-rha-cradle-gate-environmental-impact-approach