02471nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260007100211300001400282490000700296520170000303100001902003700001902022700003102041700002202072700002202094700002902116856012002145       2015                        eng d  a0897-475600aBioinspired catecholic flame retardant nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foams0 aBioinspired catecholic flame retardant nanocoating for flexible   a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcOCT  a6784-67900 v273 a<p>An efficient, environmentally friendly, and water-applied flame retardant surface nanocoating based on polydopamine (PDA) was developed for foamed materials such as polyurethane (PU). The PDA nanocoating, deposited by simple dip-coating in an aqueous dopamine solution, consists of a planar sublayer and a secondary granular layer structure that evolve together, eventually turning into a dense, uniform, and conformal layer on all foam surfaces. In contrast to flexible PU foams that are known to be highly flammable without flame retardant additives, micro combustion calorimetry (MCC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirm that the neat PDA is relatively inflammable with a strong tendency to form carbonaceous, porous char that is highly advantageous for flame retardancy. By depositing nano coatings of PDA onto flexible PU foams, the flammability of the PU foam was significantly reduced with increasing coating thickness. For the thickest coating (3 days of PDA deposition), the foam quickly self-extinguished and its original shape was completely preserved after exposure to a flame in a torch burn test. In addition to the char forming ability of PDA, it is hypothesized that its catechol units likely scavenge nearby radicals that typically evolve additional fuel for the fire as they attack surrounding materials. This multiple flame retardancy action of PDA (i.e., char formation + radical scavenging) enables flame retardant foams with a peak heat release rate (P-HRR) that is significantly reduced (up to 67%) relative to control foams, representing much better performance than many conventional additives reported in the literature at comparable or higher loadings.</p>1 aCho, Joon, Hee1 aVasagar, Vivek1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aJones, Amanda, R.1 aNazarenko, Sergei1 aEllison, Christopher, J.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/bioinspired-catecholic-flame-retardant-nanocoating-flexible-polyurethane-foams-002299nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153260007100222300001400293490000600307520145000313653001301763653003001776653001301806653001901819653002301838100001601861700003101877700002901908856013201937       2015                        eng d  a1944-824400aMechanically stable thermally cross linked poly(acrylic acid)/reduced graphene oxide aerogels0 aMechanically stable thermally cross linked polyacrylic acidreduc  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcMAR  a6220-62290 v73 a<p>Graphene oxide (GO) aerogels, high porosity (&gt;99%) low density (similar to 3-10 mg cm(-3)) porous materials with GO pore walls, are particularly attractive due to their lightweight, high surface area, and potential use in environmental remediation, superhydrophobic and superoleophilic materials, energy storage, etc. However, pure GO aerogels are generally weak and delicate which complicates their handling and potentially limits their commercial implementation. The focus of this work Vas to synthesize highly elastic, mechanically stable aerogels that are robust and easy to handle without substantially sacrificing their high porosity or low density. To overcome this challenge, a small amount of readily available and, thermally cross-linkable poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was intermixed with GO to enhance the mechanical integrity Of the aerogel without disrupting other desirable characteristic properties. This method is a simple straightforward procedure that does not include multistep or complicated chemical reactions, and it produces aerogels with mass densities of about 4-6 mg cm(-3) and &gt;99.6% porosity-that can reversibly support up to 10 000 times their weight with full recovery of their original volume. Finally; pressure sensing capabilities were demonstrated and their oil absorption capacities were measured to be around 120 g oil per g aerogel(-1) which highlights their potential Use in practical applications.</p>10aaerogels10aenvironmental remediation10agraphene10aNanocomposites10apoly(acrylic acid)1 aHa, Heonjoo1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aEllison, Christopher, J.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/mechanically-stable-thermally-cross-linked-polyacrylic-acidreduced-graphene-oxide-aerogels-002398nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260007100240300001600311490000600327520141800333653002301751653004101774653003501815653000901850653003401859653003401893100001701927700001601944700003101960700002901991856012402020       2016                        eng d  a1944-824400aPolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-containing thiol-ene fibers with tunable thermal and mechanical properties0 aPolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanecontaining thiolene fibers w  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcMAY  a11050-110590 v83 a<p>Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are versatile inorganic-organic hybrid building blocks that have potential applications as reinforcement nanofillers, thermal stabilizers, and catalyst supports for metal nano particles. However, fabrication of fibrous materials with high POSS content has been a challenge because of the aggregation and solubility limits of POSS units. In this paper, we describe a robust and environmentally friendly fabrication approach of inorganic-organic hybrid POSS fibers by integrating UV initiated thiol-ene polymerization and centrifugal fiber spinning. The use of monomeric liquids in this approach not only reduces the consumption of heat energy and solvent, but it also promotes homogeneous mixing of organic and inorganic components that allows integration of large amount of POSS (up to 80 wt %) into the polymer network. The POSS containing thiol-ene fibers exhibited enhanced thermomechanical properties compared to purely organic analogs as revealed by substantial increases in residual weight and a factor of 4 increase in modulus after thermal treatment at 1000 degrees C. This simple fabrication approach combined with the tunability in fiber properties afforded by tailoring monomer composition make POSS containing thiol-ene fibers attractive candidates for catalyst supports and filtration media, particularly in high-temperature and harsh environments.</p>10across-linked fiber10aenhanced thermomechanical properties10ainorganic-organic hybrid fiber10aPOSS10areactive centrifugal spinning10athiol-ene photopolymerization1 aFang, Yichen1 aHa, Heonjoo1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aEllison, Christopher, J.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/polyhedral-oligomeric-silsesquioxane-containing-thiol-ene-fibers-tunable-thermal-and02135nas a2200169   4500008004100000245010900041210006900150260000800219300001200227490000700239520149200246100001601738700003101754700001701785700002901802856013401831       2016                        eng d00aThermal stimuli-responsive behavior of pyrene end-functionalized PDMS through tunable P–P interactions0 aThermal stimuliresponsive behavior of pyrene endfunctionalized P  cJAN  a159-1680 v543 a<p>Pyrene end-functionalized, telechelic poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) materials were synthesized and their response to different thermal stimuli was evaluated. The incorporation of pyrene end groups introduces strong pi-pi interactions that facilitated a broad range of thermally responsive properties, in some circumstances forming pyrene nanocrystals that serve as physical crosslinks leading to elastic materials. By synthesizing different chain lengths, samples exhibiting a 7 orders of magnitude change in storage modulus in response to thermal stimuli were produced by modifying only the end-groups (0.6 wt % of all polymer segments). Repeated thermal cycling during rheological experiments revealed that pi-pi interaction and crystallization/melting kinetics of pyrene chain-ends plays a key role in their thermal responsiveness. The properties of these materials were tuned by adding free pyrene, neat PDMS, or graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, making them attractive for many applications (e.g., tunable damping materials, heat/light sensors, conductive gels, or light repositionable adhesives). For example, nanocomposites containing 1 wt % GO caused the melting temperature for pyrene crystal domains to more than double, and even induced pyrene end-group crystallization in samples that did not exhibit crystals in neat form. It is hypothesized that these features originate from pi-pi interactions between pyrene ends and GO surfaces. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>1 aHa, Heonjoo1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aFei, Yunping1 aEllison, Christopher, J.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/thermal-stimuli-responsive-behavior-pyrene-end-functionalized-pdms-through-tunable-p%E2%80%93p02213nas a2200157   4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260000800190300001600198490000600214520163600220100002801856700003101884700002701915856011301942       2017                        eng d00aFire-retardant, self-extinguishing inorganic/polymer composite memory foams0 aFireretardant selfextinguishing inorganicpolymer composite memor  cDEC  a44864-448720 v93 aPolymeric foams used in furniture and automotive and aircraft seating applications rely on the incorporation of environmentally hazardous fire-retardant additives to meet fire safety norms. This has occasioned significant interest in novel approaches to the elimination of fire-retardant additives. Foams based on polymer nano composites or based on fire-retardant coatings show compromised mechanical performance and require additional processing steps. Here, we demonstrate a one-step preparation of a fire-retardant ice-templated inorganic/polymer hybrid that does not incorporate fire-retardant additives. The hybrid foams exhibit excellent mechanical properties. They are elastic to large compressional strain, despite the high inorganic content. They also exhibit tunable mechanical recovery, including viscoelastic "memory". These hybrid foams are prepared using ice-templating that relies on a green solvent, water, porogen. Because these foams are predominantly comprised of inorganic components, they exhibit exceptional fire retardance in torch burn tests and are self-extinguishing. After being subjected to a flame, the foam retains its porous structure and does not drip or collapse. In micro-combustion calorimetry, the hybrid foams show a peak heat release rate that is only 25% that of a commercial fire-retardant polyurethanes. Finally, we demonstrate that we can use ice-templating to prepare hybrid foams with different inorganic colloids, including cheap commercial materials. We also demonstrate that ice-templating is amenable to scale up, without loss of mechanical performance or fire-retardant properties.1 aChatterjee, Soumyajyoti1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aKumaraswamy, Guruswamy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/fire-retardant-self-extinguishing-inorganicpolymer-composite-memory-foams01757nas a2200157   4500008004100000245005800041210005700099260000800156490000600164520124600170100001501416700002201431700002301453700003101476856009201507       2017                        eng d00aSolution processed cellulose/melanin films and fibres0 aSolution processed cellulosemelanin films and fibres  cJUN0 v53 aMelanins constitute a class of biomacromolecules that are abundant in nature. Although they exhibit a unique range of physical and chemical properties, their intractable nature has precluded their dissolution in common solvents and facile processing into functional materials. The authors found that commercially available 40 wt% tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (Tbah) solution could yield stable solutions of synthetic and natural melanins at ambient conditions and the dissolution rate could be accelerated by microwave radiation. Transmission electron microscopy images clearly show the disruption of the aggregated structure of melanins in Tbah. Scanning electron microscopy images of melanin/Tbah solutions precipitated in acetone revealed that melanins are dissolved and regenerated and not merely dispersed. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a facile approach to solution processing melanins with other biopolymers, which allows leverage of many unique properties of melanins. As an illustrative example, the authors demonstrate here the successful fabrication of cellulose/melanin composite films and fibers and their significant dye absorption capacity (62% reduction) with methylene blue.1 aFarsa, Ram1 aPimpalkar, Nikhil1 aShete, Abhijit, P.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/solution-processed-cellulosemelanin-films-and-fibres00616nas a2200145   4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260005400191100003100245700002200276700002400298700001800322700001800340856011200358       2018                        eng d00aControlled release nanocomposite microcapsules for agricultural applications0 aControlled release nanocomposite microcapsules for agricultural   aBoston, MAbAmerican-Chemical-Society (ACS) cAUG1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aShukla, Parshuram1 aJagtap, Siddheshwar1 aPatil, Vishal1 aSapre, Aditya  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/controlled-release-nanocomposite-microcapsules-agricultural-applications02237nas a2200181   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260000800208300001400216490000700230520157300237100002601810700001501836700002201851700003101873700002401904856012701928       2018                        eng d00aCross-metathesis of biorenewable dioxalates and diols to film-forming degradable polyoxalates0 aCrossmetathesis of biorenewable dioxalates and diols to filmform  cJUL  a1584-15920 v563 aStarting from commonly available sugar derivatives, a single step protocol to access a small family of isohexide-dioxalates (2a-c) has been established. The synthetic competence of 2a-c has been demonstrated by subjecting them to condensation polymerization. Quite surprisingly, the proton NMR of poly(isomannide-co-hexane)oxalate revealed a 1:2 ratio between isomannide-dioxalate (2a) and 1,6-hexanediol (3a) in the polymer backbone. This intriguing reactivity was found to be an outcome of a cross metathesis reaction between 2a and 3a. The cross metathesis products 3a[2-(2-methoxyacetoxy)ethyl 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-(3-oxydanylidene)acetate] and 2a(3R,6R)-6-hydroxyhexahydrofuro[3,2-b]-furan-3-yl methyl oxalate were isolated in a control experiment. Based on direct and indirect evidence, and control experiments, an alternative polymerization mechanism is proposed. Polymerization conditions were optimized to obtain polyoxalates P1(2a-3a)-P9(2c-3c) with molecular weights in the range of 14,000-68,000 g/mol, and narrow polydispersities. The identity of the polyoxalates was unambiguously established using 1-2D NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-ToF-MS, and GPC measurements. The practical implication of these polymers is demonstrated by preparing transparent, mechanically robust films. The environmental footprint of the selected polyoxalates was investigated by subjecting them to solution and solid-state degradation. The polyoxalates were found to be amenable to degradation. (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1584-15921 aRajput, Bhausaheb, S.1 aRam, Farsa1 aMenon, Shamal, K.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aChikkali, Samir, H.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/cross-metathesis-biorenewable-dioxalates-and-diols-film-forming-degradable-polyoxalates01980nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260000800225300001400233490000700247520102500254653002901279653002201308653002101330653002101351653002301372100002701395700002901422700001501451700002301466700003101489700002301520700003001543856012901573       2018                        eng d  a1433-785100aFlexible composite mechanical energy harvester from a ferroelectric organoamino phosphonium salt0 aFlexible composite mechanical energy harvester from a ferroelect  cJUL  a9054-90580 v573 a<p>A new binary organic salt diphenyl diisopropylamino phosphonium hexaflurophosphate (DPDPPF6) was shown to exhibit a good ferroelectric response and employed for mechanical energy harvesting application. The phosphonium salt crystallizes in the monoclinic noncentrosymmetric space group Cc and exhibits an H-bonded 1D chain structure due to N-HF interactions. Ferroelectric measurements on the single crystals of DPDPPF6 gave a well-saturated rectangular hysteresis loop with a remnant (P-r) polarization value of 6Ccm(-2). Further, composite devices based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films for various weight percentages (3, 5, 7, 10 and 20wt%) of DPDPPF6 were prepared and examined for power generation by using an impact test setup. A maximum output peak-to-peak voltage (V-PP) of 8.5V and an output peak-to-peak current (I-PP) of 0.5A was obtained for the non-poled composite film with 10wt% of DPDPPF6. These results show the efficacy of organic ferroelectric substances as potential micropower generators.</p>10abinary phosphonium salts10aenergy conversion10aferroelectricity10ahydrogen bonding10apolymer composites1 aVijayakanth, Thangavel1 aSrivastava, Anant, Kumar1 aRam, Farsa1 aKulkarni, Priyangi1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aPraveenkumar, Balu1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/flexible-composite-mechanical-energy-harvester-ferroelectric-organoamino-phosphonium-salt02185nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168260000800237300001600245490000800261520131000269100001501579700001901594700001901613700002801632700001901660700001801679700002501697700002501722700002701747700003101774856012601805       2018                        eng d  a1932-744700aFluorinated nanocellulose-reinforced all-organic flexible ferroelectric nanocomposites for energy generation0 aFluorinated nanocellulosereinforced allorganic flexible ferroele  cJUL  a16540-165490 v1223 a<p>We report here enhanced ferroelectric crystal formation and energy generation properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in the presence of surface-modified crystalline nanocellulose. Incorporation of only 2-5 wt % fluorinated nanocellulose (FNC) in PVDF has been found to significantly induce polar beta/gamma-phase crystallization as compared to the addition of unmodified nanocellulose (carboxylated nanocellulose). A device made up of electrically poled PVDF/FNC composite films yielded 2 orders of magnitude higher voltage output than neat PVDF in vibrational energy harvesting. This remarkable increase in energy generation properties of PVDF at such a low loading of an organic natural biopolymer could be attributed to the tailored surface chemistry of nanocellulose, facilitating strong interfacial interactions between PVDF and FNC. Interestingly, energy harvesting devices fabricated from PVDF/FNC nanocomposites charged a 4.7 mu F capacitor at significantly faster rate and the accumulated voltage on capacitor was 3.8 times greater than neat PVDF. The fact that PVDF/FNC nanocomposites still retain a strain at break of 10-15% and can charge a capacitor in few seconds suggests potential use of these nanocomposites as flexible energy harvesting materials at large strain conditions.</p>1 aRam, Farsa1 aAmbone, Tushar1 aSharma, Aakash1 aMurugesan, Rajarathinam1 aKajale, Deepak1 aBorkar, Vivek1 aAli, Shaikh, Faruque1 aBalu, Praveen, Kumar1 aKumaraswamy, Guruswamy1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/fluorinated-nanocellulose-reinforced-all-organic-flexible-ferroelectric-nanocomposites01889nas a2200229   4500008004100000245010700041210006900148260000800217300001000225490000800235520107000243100002801313700002201341700002101363700001501384700002901399700002601428700002201454700002601476700003101502856012601533       2018                        eng d00a Functionalized carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposite microcapsules with enhanced stiffness0 aFunctionalized carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposite   cAUG  a82-890 v5503 aMicrocapsules with tunable mechanical properties are highly desirable in pressure sensitive applications. We report here a facile approach to prepare polyurea/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) nanocomposite microcapsules (MICs) with enhanced stiffness. A model compound dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was used as core material. MWCNTs were modified with reactive functional groups namely carboxyl (-COOH), amines (-NH2), and isocyanates (-NCO) to ensure a stronger interface between polymer wall and MWCNTs. Functionalization of MWCNTs was corroborated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the surface morphology of MICs. The presence of MWCNTs in the microcapsule wall was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MICs with functionalized MWCNTs show almost 100% increase in stiffness with respect to pristine capsules. All MICs show 92-97 +/- 1% encapsulation efficiency. The approach used in this paper can be broadly utilized to tune the mechanical properties of the microcapsules.1 aJagtap, Siddheshwar, B.1 aPatil, Vishal, D.1 aSuresh, Karthika1 aRam, Farsa1 aMohan, Muthu, Subramania1 aRajput, Shatruhan, S.1 aPatil, Shivprasad1 aShukla, Parshuram, G.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/functionalized-carbon-nanotube-reinforced-polymer-nanocomposite-microcapsules-enhanced00654nas a2200133   4500008004100000245007100041210006900112260004700181520012200228100003100350700001500381700002200396856010200418       2018                        eng d00aMelanin-based composite materials for multifunctional applications0 aMelaninbased composite materials for multifunctional application  aBoston, MAbAmerican-Chemical-SocietycAUG3 a256th National Meeting and Exposition of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS) - Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Beyond1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aRam, Farsa1 aPimpalkar, Nikhil  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/melanin-based-composite-materials-multifunctional-applications02134nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001500041245012700056210006900183260000800252300001500260490000600275520133600281100002101617700002201638700002201660700002301682700002401705700002601729700003101755856013001786       2018                        eng d  a 2168-048500aTuning controlled release behavior of starch granules using nanofibrillated cellulose derived from waste sugarcane bagasse0 aTuning controlled release behavior of starch granules using nano  cJUL  a 9208-92170 v63 aControlled release formulations help to encapsulate agrochemicals and deliver at a sustained rate. Growing environmental challenges have increased the need for controlled release systems based on sustainable feed-stocks. To this end, we report here the preparation and properties of a monolith-type controlled release granular formulation based on two ubiquitous biopolymers, starch and cellulose. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) derived from waste sugarcane bagasse were mixed with gelatinized maize starch and urea formaldehyde to yield nanocomposite granular formulation. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was used as model encapsulant. The morphology of CNFs and CNFreinforced starch granules was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, BET porosimetry, and X-ray tomography. Incorporation of only 2-4 wt % CNFs led to a significant reduction in porosity as compared to that for neat starch granules, while the water uptake was enhanced by 20-30%. Reinforcing starch with CNFs led to a significant reduction in initial release rate and yet higher overall release of DMP, thereby allowing effective utilization of entrapped chemicals. This interesting release behavior could be attributed to two competing factors, water uptake-induced diffusion and barrier effects rendered by nanocellulose network.1 aPatil, Mayur, D.1 aPatil, Vishal, D.1 aSapre, Aditya, A.1 aAmbone, Tushar, S.1 aTorris, Arun, A. T.1 aShukla, Parshuram, G.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/tuning-controlled-release-behavior-starch-granules-using-nanofibrillated-cellulose-derived02715nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011800041210006900159260000800228300001500236490000700251520202700258100002702285700001502312700002302327700003102350700003002381856012202411       2019                        eng d00aAll-organic composites of ferro- and piezoelectric phosphonium salts for mechanical energy harvesting application0 aAllorganic composites of ferro and piezoelectric phosphonium sal  cAUG  a 5964-59720 v313 a<p>Molecular ferroelectrics owing to their lightweight, flexibility, and phase stability are drawing attention in the fields <span class="hitHilite">of</span> flexible electronics, optical devices, and <span class="hitHilite">energy</span> materials. In this paper, we report a series <span class="hitHilite">of</span> binary organoamino <span class="hitHilite">phosphonium</span> <span class="hitHilite">salts</span> containing triphenyl isopropylaminophosphonium (TPAP), diphenyl diisopropylaminophosphonium (DPDP), phenyl triisopropylaminophosphonium (PTAP), and tetraisopropylaminophosphonium (TIAP) cations supported by lower symmetric tetrahedral BF4-, ClO4-, and IO4- anions. The P-E hysteresis loop measurements on these polar organic <span class="hitHilite">salts</span> gave high remnant polarization (P-r) values <span class="hitHilite">of</span> 35.36, 21.83, and 21.12 mu C cm(-2) <span class="hitHilite">for</span> the DPDP center dot BF4, DPDP center dot ClO4, and DPDP center dot IO4 <span class="hitHilite">salts</span>, respectively, having 1D hydrogen-bonded chain structures built from strong N-H center dot center dot center dot X (X = F or 0) interactions. <span class="hitHilite">For</span> the first time, highly flexible composite devices have been prepared <span class="hitHilite">for</span> the <span class="hitHilite">piezoelectric</span> <span class="hitHilite">salts</span> TPAP center dot BF4, DPDP center dot BF4, and TIAR center dot BF4 using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the matrix. The observed maximum peak-to-peak output voltages (V-pp) <span class="hitHilite">for</span> the 10 wt % composite devices <span class="hitHilite">of</span> TPAP center dot BF4/TPU, DPDP center dot BF4/TPU, and TIAP center dot BF4/TPU are found to be 7.37, 8.95, and 4.75 V, respectively. These composite devices exhibit excellent durability, cycling stability, and viscoelastic properties. They also show the capacitor charging capabilities reaching their maximum charging points within 60 s.</p>
1 aVijayakanth, Thangavel1 aRam, Farsa1 aPraveenkumar, Balu1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/all-organic-composites-ferro-and-piezoelectric-phosphonium-salts-mechanical-energy02071nas a2200169   4500008004100000245009500041210006900136260000800205300001600213490000600229520144700235100001501682700002701697700001901724700003101743856012701774       2019                        eng d00aHighly flexible mechanical energy harvester based on nylon 11 ferroelectric nanocomposites0 aHighly flexible mechanical energy harvester based on nylon 11 fe  cJUL  a1998–20050 v13 a<p>We report here a flexible piezoelectric energy harvester using castor-oil-derived nylon 11 and biomass-derived cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Using a simple solution casting process, we were able to fabricate flexible large area nylon 11 and composite films. Neat nylon 11 films crystallized predominantly in the α- phase. Incorporation of CNC at a low concentration of 2–5 wt % resulted in almost complete transition of α-phase to polar γ-phase, which could be attributed to strong hydrogen bonding interactions between CNC and amide groups in nylon 11. This remarkable shift in crystallization behavior also led to enhanced piezoelectric performance. We also found that the addition of 5 wt % glycerol (on the dry weight of nylon 11 or composite) enhanced the flexibility of the film. Energy harvesting devices made from 5 wt % nylon 11/CNC films showed about 2.6 times higher output voltage as compared to neat nylon 11 devices under similar impact conditions, and the effect was durable over 800 cycles. These devices were also used to charge a 10 μF polarized capacitor, and we found that the 5 wt % nylon 11/CNC devices charged up to 3.78 V in 90 s, which is 2.8 times higher than nylon 11 devices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on nylon 11 nanocomposites, where cellulose nanocrystals have been used to enhance the electroactive γ phase in nylon 11 and yield such high piezoelectric performance.</p>
1 aRam, Farsa1 aRadhakrishnan, Sithara1 aAmbone, Tushar1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/highly-flexible-mechanical-energy-harvester-based-nylon-11-ferroelectric-nanocomposites02021nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260000800213300001200221490000700233520126300240653001401503653001501517653001801532653001301550100001701563700001701580700001501597700003101612700002101643856011501664       2019                        eng d  a1751-616100aInfluence of nanocellulose on mechanics and morphology of polyvinyl alcohol xerogels0 aInfluence of nanocellulose on mechanics and morphology of polyvi  cFEB  a275-2830 v903 a<p>Xerogels are porous networks of crosslinked polymers that are useful for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, scaffold engineering, tissue regeneration, cell culture and wound dressing. However, inferior mechanical properties curtail their applications to a considerable extent. Nanocellulose fibers and crystals are often added into the polymer matrix to improve their mechanical strength. Here, nanocellulose in the mass ratios of 7%, 13% and 18% are loaded into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix followed by thermo-morpho-mechanical characterization. With increase in nanocellulose content, thermal degradation occurs at a lower temperature. It is observed that addition of higher quantity of nanocellulose crystals leads to the formation of weak cellulose rich regions causing xerogel rupture. This is predominantly observed for xerogel loaded with 18% nanocellulose crystals. Similarly, addition of higher quantity of nanocellulose fibers increase brittleness of the xerogels causing fracture. This is predominantly observed for xerogel loaded with 18% nanocellulose fibers. Creep strain and stress relaxation is observed to decrease with addition of nanocellulose loading owing to molecular chain restriction and polymer chain immobility.</p>10aMechanics10aMorphology10aNanocellulose10aXerogels1 aPramanik, R.1 aGanivada, B.1 aRam, Farsa1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aArockiarajan, A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/influence-nanocellulose-mechanics-and-morphology-polyvinyl-alcohol-xerogels00530nas a2200133   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260000800213490000800221100003100229700001500260856012100275       2019                        eng d  a0065-772700aNanocellulose reinforced polymer composites as flexible mechanical energy harvesters0 aNanocellulose reinforced polymer composites as flexible mechanic  cAUG0 v2581 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aRam, Farsa  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/nanocellulose-reinforced-polymer-composites-flexible-mechanical-energy-harvesters01840nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260000900244300002600253490000800279520088000287653002401167653002301191653001801214653001801232653001701250653002301267100002201290700002001312700002201332700002201354700002601376700003101402856012901433       2019                        eng d  a0927-775700aSustained release insect repellent microcapsules using modified cellulose nanofibers (mCNF) as pickering emulsifier0 aSustained release insect repellent microcapsules using modified   cDEC   aArticle Number:1238830 v5823 a<p>We report here an approach to encapsulate N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), an insect repellent, through interfacial polycondensation using modified cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as pickering emulsifier. We found that stearic acid functionalized CNF (mCNF) can be used to form stable pickering emulsions (oil-in-oil and water-in-oil), and further encapsulate DEET using interfacial polycondensation with very high encapsulation efficiency of about 98%. Another major advantage of this approach is that mCNF can act both as pickering emulsifier and also strengthen the barrier properties of microcapsules resulting in significant reduction in release rate of DEET. Interpretation of the release profiles using standard mathematical models proposed by Ritger-Peppas show a factor of three reduction in release rate constant for the microcapsules reinforced with mCNF.</p>
10aCellulose nanofiber10aControlled release10aMicrocapsules10aNanocomposite10ananoparticle10aPickering emulsion1 aKadam, Sandip, L.1 aYadav, Prashant1 aBhutkar, Siddhant1 aPatil, Vishal, D.1 aShukla, Parshuram, G.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/sustained-release-insect-repellent-microcapsules-using-modified-cellulose-nanofibers-mcnf02205nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260000800211300001100219490000800230520126600238653001601504653001301520653003101533653001701564653003601581653003301617100002001650700002101670700002001691700002101711700001801732700001701750700003101767856011701798       2020                        eng d  a0927-775700aDual responsive cellulose microspheres with high solid-state fluorescence emission0 aDual responsive cellulose microspheres with high solidstate fluo  cAPR  a1245100 v5913 a<p>Materials that respond to multiple stimuli such as magnetic field and light are attractive for security and medical diagnostic applications. One of the major challenges in dual functional microspheres is that the presence of magnetic nanoparticles can quench fluorescence emission. Also, there is a probability of solid-state quenching due to the proximity of the fluorophore. We report here a facile approach to prepare cellulose microspheres with high solid-state fluorescence using 40 % tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The fluorescence quenching effect due to the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and solid-state quenching due to aggregation of fluorophore was systematically investigated. Microspheres with the detectable magnetic response and fluorescence quantum yield as high as 0.57 (FMB 414) was obtained by optimizing the reaction conditions. Such a high quantum yield has not been reported before for dual stimuli-responsive fluorescent microspheres. The magnetic and fluorescent properties were found to be durable even after multiple washing cycles. These dual responsive cellulose microspheres can be added as security features to authenticate documents such as passports, degree certificates, currency notes, financial documents etc.</p>
10aFluorescent10aMagnetic10aMicrocrystalline cellulose10amicrospheres10aStimuli responsive microspheres10aTetrabutylammonium hydroxide1 aYadav, Prashant1 aPrajitha, K., P.1 aDhaware, Vinita1 aSubramani, Mohan1 aJoy, Pattayil1 aAsha, S., K.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/dual-responsive-cellulose-microspheres-high-solid-state-fluorescence-emission02019nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260000800214300001400222490000700236520121900243653001601462653001801478653001501496653003701511653001801548653002601566100001901592700001701611700003101628856011801659       2020                        eng d  a0032-388800aEnhancing the mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid using nanocellulose0 aEnhancing the mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic aci  cAUG  a1842-18550 v603 a<p>We report here a systematic investigation of the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing vs PLA processed by compression molding. Our results show that the tensile strength and modulus of FFF-PLA is 49% and 41% lower, respectively, than compression molded samples of PLA. We also demonstrate here an approach to augment the mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA using nanocellulose. Incorporation of a small quantity (1 wt%) of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) was found to enhance the tensile strength and modulus of 3D printed PLA by 84% and 63%, respectively. X-ray microtomography was used to probe the morphology of 3D printed PLA and PLA/CNF composites. 3D printed PLA/CNF composites had significantly lesser voids as compared to neat 3D printed PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry study revealed that CNF can accelerate the nucleation and crystallization of 3D printed PLA leading to enhanced crystallinity. The thermal stability of 3D printed PLA/CNF composites was not compromised by the addition of CNF. The enhanced mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA/CNF composites can be ascribed to higher crystallinity and lesser defects.</p>
10a3D printing10aBiocomposites10acomposites10afused filament fabrication (FFF)10aNanocellulose10apolylactic acid (PLA)1 aAmbone, Tushar1 aTorris, Arun1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enhancing-mechanical-properties-3d-printed-polylactic-acid-using-nanocellulose02673nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300001400259490000600273520174800279653002502027653002302052653002602075653001402101653001702115653003302132100001502165700002602180700002402206700002102230700003102251856012502282       2020                        eng d  a2574-096200aEnhancing thermomechanical and chemical stability of polymer electrolyte membranes using polydopamine coated nanocellulose0 aEnhancing thermomechanical and chemical stability of polymer ele  cFEB  a1988-19990 v33 a<p>We report here an approach to enhance the chemical and thermomechanical stability of polymer electrolyte membranes without compromising proton conductivity. Multifunctional polydopamine coated nanocellulose (PNC) was prepared by oxidative polymerization of dopamine on nano cellulose fibers and subsequently incorporated in Nafion by solution blending. PNC had a very significant effect on the thermomechanical properties of Nafion showing up to 200% improvement in the storage modulus at 90 degrees C. The PNC network also enhanced the dimensional stability of Nafion under constant stress. The 3 wt % PNC composite membrane showed a drastic reduction in creep compliance of about 39.9% and 46.5% in J(max) at 30 degrees and 60 degrees C, respectively. Free radical scavenging properties of polydopamine also helped to significantly enhance the chemical stability of Nafion, which was ascertained by accelerated degradation tests conducted in Fenton's reagent at 70 degrees C over 40 days. F-19 CP MAS solid state NMR, FTIR, and tensile tests on the membranes show higher chemical stability of the 3 wt % PNC composite membrane. The proton conductivity of the 3 wt % PNC composite membrane at 90 degrees C and 100% RH (similar to 125 mS/cm) was slightly higher than the Nafion membrane (similar to 94 mS/cm) at similar conditions. The retention of proton conductivity even with lower water uptake could be ascribed to proton hopping through polydopamine coated nanocellulose. Performance of the composite membrane was also evaluated in a single stack fuel cell and found to be better than recast Nafion. The benefits derived by this approach are not restricted to Nafion alone and shall broadly apply to many other polymer membranes.</p>
10acellulose nanofibers10achemical stability10adimensional stability10afuel cell10apolydopamine10apolymer electrolyte membrane1 aRam, Farsa1 aVelayutham, Parthiban1 aSahu, Akhila, Kumar1 aLele, Ashish, K.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enhancing-thermomechanical-and-chemical-stability-polymer-electrolyte-membranes-using02069nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245013000055210006900185260000800254300001400262490000600276520112500282653001401407653001401421653001801435653001301453653001101466653001401477100001501491700002001506700002701526700002101553700001801574700003001592700003101622856012601653       2020                        eng d  a2637-610500aNanocellulose reinforced flexible composite nanogenerators with enhanced vibrational energy harvesting and sensing properties0 aNanocellulose reinforced flexible composite nanogenerators with   cJUL  a2550-25620 v23 a<p>We report here enhanced vibration and pressure sensing properties of nanocellulose reinforced flexible composite piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). Surface fluorinated nanocellulose crystals (FNC) were incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and electrospun into composite nanofibers. Incorporation of only 2 wt % FNC in PVDF resulted in a significant enhancement in pressure sensitivity with a very low detectable pressure limit of 10 Pa and a sensitivity of up to 18 mV/kPa. The composite PENGs also demonstrated very high sensitivity for forced continuous vibrations. 2FNC/PVDF composites resulted in an order of magnitude higher voltage response over neat PVDF for a given strain. When PENGs were mounted on a vacuum pump for transduction of mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, 2FNC/PVDF composite devices manifested similar to 3.8 times enhanced voltage output over neat PVDF and faster charging of a capacitor. The enhanced piezoelectric properties of PVDF/FNC nanocomposites could be attributed to the tailored interface between PVDF and nanocellulose and enhanced polarizability.</p>
10aComposite10aNanofiber10apiezoelectric10apressure10aSensor10avibration1 aRam, Farsa1 aGudadhe, Aniket1 aVijayakanth, Thangavel1 aAherrao, Swapnil1 aBorkar, Vivek1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/nanocellulose-reinforced-flexible-composite-nanogenerators-enhanced-vibrational-energy01920nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260000900246300001600255490000700271520100100278653002201279653002601301653003001327653004001357653001501397100002701412700001501439700002301454700003101477700003001508856012801538       2020                        eng d  a1433-785100aPiezoelectric energy harvesting from a ferroelectric hybrid salt [Ph3MeP](4)[Ni(NCS)(6)] embedded in a polymer matrix0 aPiezoelectric energy harvesting from a ferroelectric hybrid salt  cJUN   a10368-103730 v593 a<p>Organic-inorganic hybrid ferroelectrics are an exciting class of molecular materials with promising applications in the area of energy and electronics. The synthesis, ferroelectric and piezoelectric energy harvesting behavior of a 3d metal ion-containing A(4)BX(6) type organic-inorganic hybrid salt [Ph3MeP](4)[Ni(NCS)(6)] (1) is now presented. P-E hysteresis loop studies on 1 show a remnant ferroelectric polarization value of 18.71 mu C cm(-2), at room temperature. Composite thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) devices with 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt % compositions of 1 were prepared and employed for piezoelectric energy harvesting studies. A maximum output voltage of 19.29 V and a calculated power density value of 2.51 mW cm(-3) were observed for the 15 wt % 1-TPU device. The capacitor charging experiments on the 15 wt % 1-TPU composite device shows an excellent energy storage performance with the highest stored energies and measured charges of 198.8 mu J and 600 mu C, respectively.</p>
10aenergy conversion10amechanical properties10anon-covalent interactions10aorganic-inorganic hybrid composites10aPhosphorus1 aVijayakanth, Thangavel1 aRam, Farsa1 aPraveenkumar, Balu1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/piezoelectric-energy-harvesting-ferroelectric-hybrid-salt-ph3mep4nincs6-embedded-polymer02476nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245012400055210006900179260000800248300001100256490000800267520158800275653001101863653002001874653001401894653001501908653001801923653000901941100001501950700001601965700001701981700002201998700003102020700002102051856012602072       2020                        eng d  a0925-838800aPVDF/BaTiO3 films with nanocellulose impregnation: investigation of structural, morphological and mechanical properties0 aPVDFBaTiO3 films with nanocellulose impregnation investigation o  cMAY  a1537010 v8233 a<p>Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite films have witnessed widespread applications in biomedical and flexible electronic devices in recent years. These applications require a material that has enhanced electrical properties, mechanical flexibility along with sufficient strength. A lot of research has been carried out to enhance the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the PVDF composite films. However, the improvements in the mechanical properties of nano filler reinforced PVDF composite films has not received due attention. In this regard, the present work focuses towards enhancing the mechanical strength and load-bearing capability of PVDF, by preparing composites of PVDF films impregnated with Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) and Barium Titanate (BTO) nanoparticles. Solution casting method was adapted to fabricate the PVDF/BTO/CNC films. X-ray diffractograms and FTIR (Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy) corroborate the presence of ferroelectric gamma phase in PVDF. Mechanical and viscoelastic measurements have been carried out to examine the influence of CNC and BTO nano fillers in the PVDF matrix. The addition of CNC and BTO in PVDF film has improved the mechanical strength significantly. The stress achieved for PVDF/5% BTO and PVDF/5% BTO with 0.9% of CNC at 5% strain was 17% and 130% higher than the pristine PVDF, respectively. This study can be helpful for the design engineers to meet custom/specific requirements for a myriad of end- user applications such as piezoelectric nanogenerators. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>
10aBaTiO310aComposite films10aMechanics10aMorphology10aNanocellulose10aPVDF1 aRam, Farsa1 aKaviraj, P.1 aPramanik, R.1 aKrishnan, Amrutha1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aArockiarajan, A.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/pvdfbatio3-films-nanocellulose-impregnation-investigation-structural-morphological-and02152nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245015200055210006900207260000800276300001400284490000700298520126500305653001201570653001601582653002701598653002201625653002101647100001501668700001801683700001701701700002701718700003101745856012201776       2021                        eng d  a0969-023900aElastic piezoelectric aerogels from isotropic and directionally ice-templated cellulose nanocrystals: comparison of structure and energy harvesting0 aElastic piezoelectric aerogels from isotropic and directionally   cJUL  a6323-63370 v283 a<p>We report the preparation of highly compressible and elastic piezoelectric aerogels of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Aqueous CNC dispersions containing polyethyleneimine and crosslinker were frozen isotropically to yield isotropic aerogels, while oriented aerogels were prepared by directional freezing. These aerogels were highly flexible and porous (similar to 85% void fraction), exhibiting greater than 90% recovery at 50% compressive strain even after 100 compression-decompression cycles. Since such aerogels with low bulk modulus and high anisotropy would be an ideal platform for leveraging the piezoelectric properties of CNCs, we used them to prepare piezoelectric nanogenerator devices and determined their energy transduction behavior. Anisotropic aerogels led to an enhanced open-circuit voltage of 840 mV (at similar to 8 N applied force), which is over 2.6 times higher than isotropic aerogels (320 mV). The energy density of anisotropic aerogels was around 52 nW/cm(2), representing outstanding piezoelectric performance for cellulose-based aerogels. Such aerogels with high compressibility, elastic recovery and exceptional piezoelectric performance could have potential applications in sensors, wearable electronics, etc.</p>10aAerogel10aAnisotropic10aCellulose nanocrystals10aenergy harvesting10aPiezoelectricity1 aRam, Farsa1 aBiswas, Bipul1 aTorris, Arun1 aKumaraswamy, Guruswamy1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/elastic-piezoelectric-aerogels-isotropic-and-directionally-ice-templated-cellulose02217nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260000900199300001400208490000700222520131600229653001501545653002201560653002101582653002301603653001801626100001901644700001901663700001801682700002501700700002001725700002001745700003101765700003001796856010101826       2021                        eng d  a1861-472800a Flexible energy harvester from an organic ferroelectric ammonium salt0 aFlexible energy harvester from an organic ferroelectric ammonium  cDEC   a4122-41290 v163 aOrganic ferroelectrics due to their low cost, easy preparation, light weight, high flexibility and phase stability are gaining tremendous attention in the field of portable electronics. In this work, we report the synthesis, structure and ferroelectric behavior of a two-component ammonium salt 2, containing a bulky [Bn(4-BrBn)NMe2](+) (Bn=benzyl and 4-BrBn=4-bromobenzyl) cation and tetrahedral (BF4)(-) anion. The structural analysis revealed the presence of rich non-classical C-H...F and C-H...Br interactions in this molecule that were quantified by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The polarization (P) vs. electric field (E) hysteresis loop measurements on 2 gave a remnant polarization (P-r) of 14.4 mu C cm(-2) at room temperature. Flexible polymer composites with various (5, 10, 15 and 20) weight percentages (wt%) of 2 in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were prepared and tested for mechanical energy harvesting applications. A notable peak-to-peak output voltage of 20 V, maximum current density of 1.1 mu A cm(-2) and power density of 21.1 mu W cm(-2) were recorded for the 15 wt% 2-TPU composite device. Furthermore, the voltage output generated from this device was utilized to rapidly charge a 100 mu F capacitor, with stored energies and measured charges of 156 mu J and 121.6 mu C, respectively.10aDielectric10aenergy harvesting10aferroelectricity10aorganic composites10apiezoelectric1 aGupta, Rishabh1 aSahoo, Supriya1 aDeswal, Swati1 aKothavade, Premkumar1 aDixit, Prashant1 aZareba, Jan, K.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/flexible-energy-harvester-organic-ferroelectric-ammonium-salt02445nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260000900259300001600268490000700284520158700291653002901878653002201907653001901929653001801948100001501966700002101981700001702002700002702019700003102046856012602077       2021                        eng d  a0272-884200aHighly compressible ceramic/polymer aerogel-based piezoelectric nanogenerators with enhanced mechanical energy harvesting property0 aHighly compressible ceramicpolymer aerogelbased piezoelectric na  cJUN   a15750-157580 v473 a<p>Ceramic piezoelectric materials have orders of magnitude higher piezoelectric coefficients compared to polymers. However, their brittleness precludes imposition of large strains in mechanical energy harvesting applications. We report here that ice templating affords low bulk modulus lead-free aerogel piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) with unprecedented combination of flexibility and high piezoelectric response (voltage and power density). A modified ice templating protocol was used to fabricate piezoelectric nanocomposites of surface modified BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles in crosslinked polyethylene imine. This protocol allowed incorporating a significantly high fraction of BTO particles (up to 83 wt %) in the aerogel, while retaining remarkably high compressibility and elastic recovery up to 80% strain. The output voltage, at an applied compressive force of 20 N (100 kPa), increased with BTO loading and a maximum output voltage of 11.6 V and power density of 7.22 ?W/cm2 (49.79 ?W/cm3) was obtained for PENG aerogels containing 83 wt% BTO, which is orders of magnitude higher than previously reported values for foam-based piezoelectric energy harvesters. The BTO/PEI PENGs also showed cyclic stability over 900 cycles of deformation. PENGs with higher porosity showed better elastic recovery and piezoelectric properties than lower porosity and higher BTO content aerogels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the piezoelectric properties of high ceramic content aerogels having very high compressibility and elastic recovery.</p>10aCeramic polymer aerogels10aenergy harvesting10aice templating10apiezoelectric1 aRam, Farsa1 aSuresh, Karthika1 aTorris, Arun1 aKumaraswamy, Guruswamy1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/highly-compressible-ceramicpolymer-aerogel-based-piezoelectric-nanogenerators-enhanced02426nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196260000800265300001100273490000800284520152300292653003601815653002301851653001701874653002001891653003201911653000901943100001901952700001501971700003101986700002702017856012802044       2022                        eng d  a0921-510700aCdS cubane type clusters encapsulated by rolling of single layer reduced graphene oxide sheets for enhanced mechanical energy harvesting0 aCdS cubane type clusters encapsulated by rolling of single layer  cFEB  a1155280 v2763 aComposites with Single Layer Graphene Oxide (SLGO) sheets are extremely difficult to achieve, irrespective of the current advancements in graphene composites research. The difficulties in exfoliating the graphite oxide (GO) was associated with a strong interaction among the edge sides of the adjacent layers. This in-turn barricades the foreign intruders to interact with the basal plane, thereby restraining one to form composites with SLGO sheets. In this work, we had successfully exfoliated GO through a spacer [Cd(OAc)(2) + polyethylene glycol (PEG)] to result in nano-engineered CdS cubane-type clusters in rolled up SLGO to form graphene oxide complex compound (GOCC), resembling carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CdS cubane-type clusters were found to interacting with the carbon skeleton of rolled reduced SLGO sheet through a Manogate' structures, which was supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our theoretical study reveals that the obtained complex compound (GOCC) is thermodynamically more favourable than its ancestor materials (CdS cubane and empty CNT). Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) fabricated from GOCC and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) resulted in output voltage (V-oc) of 4.5 V and output current of 0.4 mu A at applied force of 13 N. The nanoengineering helps to achieve superior mechanical energy harvesting performance for GOCC compared to pristine CdS, which demonstrate the potential of nanogate structures to enhance the intrinsic properties of materials.10aGraphene oxide complex compound10aNanogate structure10aNew material10aNovel procedure10aPiezoelectric nanogenerator10aSLGO1 aKumar, Praveen1 aRam, Farsa1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aLuwang, Meitram, Niraj  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/cds-cubane-type-clusters-encapsulated-rolling-single-layer-reduced-graphene-oxide-sheets01762nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260000800220300001600228490000700244520115100251100001501402700002001417700003101437856012401468       2022                        eng d  a0022-246100aNanocellulose/melanin-based composites for energy, environment, and biological applications0 aNanocellulosemelaninbased composites for energy environment and   cAUG  a14188-142160 v573 a<p>
	Melanins, a class of brown-black pigments present in many natural sources, exhibit unique physical and chemical properties such as photoprotection, photoconductivity, metal ion chelation, free radical quenching, proton conductivity, and significant antimicrobial properties. These properties could be leveraged in various environmental and energy applications. However, their limited solubility makes them less amenable to processing. Over the last decade, there has been tremendous interest in developing synthetic analogs of melanin that are easy to dissolve and process. Nonetheless, melanins or their synthetic analogs cannot form mechanically robust free-standing films and fibers. This drawback could be partly circumvented by creating composites of melanin with nanocellulose, a nanomaterial derived from cellulosic biomass. Composites of melanins and nanocellulose offer an opportunity to utilize the functional aspects of melanin-like polymers in a mechanically stable nanocellulose network. This review attempts to capture the recent developments on this topic with special emphasis on technologically relevant applications.</p>
1 aRam, Farsa1 aYadav, Prashant1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/nanocellulosemelanin-based-composites-energy-environment-and-biological-applications02552nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195260000800264300001400272490000700286520167300293100001901966700003101985700002302016700001702039700002302056700002002079700002802099700003102127700003002158856012202188       2023                        eng d  a2051-634700a3D-printed polymer composite devices based on a ferroelectric chiral ammonium salt for high-performance piezoelectric energy harvesting0 a3Dprinted polymer composite devices based on a ferroelectric chi  cJUL  a3153-31610 v103 a<p>
	Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an emerging technology to fabricate complex architectures, necessary to realize state-of-the-art flexible and wearable electronic devices. In this regard, top-performing devices containing organic ferro- and piezoelectric compounds are desired to circumvent significant shortcomings of conventional piezoceramics, e.g. toxicity and high-temperature device processibility. Herein, we report on a 3D-printed composite of a chiral ferroelectric organic salt {[Me3CCH(Me)NH3][BF4]} (1) with a biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer that serves as a highly efficient piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). The ferroelectric property of 1 originates from its polar tetragonal space group P4(2), verified by P-E loop measurements. The ferroelectric domain characteristics of 1 were further probed by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), which gave characteristic `butterfly' and hysteresis loops. The PFM amplitude vs. drive voltage measurements gave a relatively high magnitude of the converse piezoelectric coefficient for 1. PCL polymer composites with various weight percentages (wt%) of 1 were prepared and subjected to piezoelectric energy harvesting tests, which gave a maximum open-circuit voltage of 36.2 V and a power density of 48.1 mu W cm(-2) for the 10 wt% 1-PCL champion device. Furthermore, a gyroid-shaped 3D-printed 10 wt% 1-PCL composite was fabricated to test its practical utility, which gave an excellent output voltage of 41 V and a power density of 56.8 mu W cm(-2). These studies promise the potential of simple organic compounds for building PENG devices using advanced manufacturing technologies.</p>
1 aSahoo, Supriya1 aKothavade, Premkumar, Anil1 aNaphade, Dipti, R.1 aTorris, Arun1 aPraveenkumar, Balu1 aZareba, Jan, K.1 aAnthopoulos, Thomas, D.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/3d-printed-polymer-composite-devices-based-ferroelectric-chiral-ammonium-salt-high02073nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260000800225300001100233490000800244520120200252653002301454653002501477653001801502653002301520653001901543653001801562100002401580700001701604700001901621700001701640700003101657856011901688       2023                        eng d  a0927-775700aDouble encapsulation of liquid active compounds using nanoclay reinforced polyurea microcapsules0 aDouble encapsulation of liquid active compounds using nanoclay r  cDEC  a1325470 v6793 a<p>
	In recent years, there has been growing interest in the double encapsulation of drugs, agrochemicals, and fragrances, aiming to achieve the highest encapsulation efficiency and preserve the activity of the encapsulated core over an extended duration. However, when active ingredients in liquid form are double encapsulated, preventing the rupture of primary microcapsules during the second encapsulation process and the leakage of the encapsulated core are major challenges. This report describes a method that utilizes polyurea and starch for successful double encapsulation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a liquid insect-repellent, as a model active component. We demonstrate that the incorporation of 3 wt% montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay strengthens the polyurea wall of the primary microcapsule and prevents its rupture during double encapsulation with starch. This process facilitates the uniform distribution of polyurea microcapsules within the starch matrix and significantly improves the mechanical integrity of the nanocomposite microcapsules embedded in starch. The double-encapsulated system developed in this study significantly reduces the release rate of encapsulated DMP.</p>
10aControlled release10aDouble encapsulation10aMicrocapsules10aMicroencapsulation10aNanocomposites10aStarch matrix1 aAher, Yogeshwar, P.1 aTorris, Arun1 aAdhikari, Benu1 aShukla, Ravi1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/double-encapsulation-liquid-active-compounds-using-nanoclay-reinforced-polyurea02012nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245012400055210006900179260000900248490000700257520104800264653002001312653002201332653001401354653002201368653001501390100002701405700001901432700002501451700002401476700001801500700002301518700003101541700003001572856013201602       2023                        eng d  a1433-785100a Ferroelectric aminophosphonium cyanoferrate with a large electrostrictive coefficient as a piezoelectric nanogenerator0 aFerroelectric aminophosphonium cyanoferrate with a large electro  cJAN 0 v623 a<p>
	Hybrid materials possessing piezo- and ferroelectric properties emerge as excellent alternatives to conventional piezoceramics due to their merits of facile synthesis, lightweight nature, ease of fabrication and mechanical flexibility. Inspired by the structural stability of aminophosphonium compounds, here we report the first A(3)BX(6) type cyanometallate [Ph-2((PrNH)-Pr-i)(2)P](3)[Fe(CN)(6)] (1), which shows a ferroelectric saturation polarization (P-s) of 3.71 mu C cm(-2). Compound 1 exhibits a high electrostrictive coefficient (Q(33)) of 0.73 m(4) C-2, far exceeding those of piezoceramics (0.034-0.096 m(4) C-2). Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) analysis demonstrates the polarization switching and domain structure of 1 further confirming its ferroelectric nature. Furthermore, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer composite films of 1 were prepared and employed as piezoelectric nanogenerators. Notably, the 15 wt % 1-TPU device gave a maximum output voltage of 13.57 V and a power density of 6.03 mu W cm(-2).</p>
10aCyanometallates10aenergy conversion10aH-bonding10ahybrid composites10aPhosphorus1 aVijayakanth, Thangavel1 aSahoo, Supriya1 aKothavade, Premkumar1 aSharma, Vijay, Bhan1 aKabra, Dinesh1 aZareba, Jan, K. K.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/ferroelectric-aminophosphonium-cyanoferrate-large-electrostrictive-coefficient-piezoelectric02309nas a2200313   4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260000800220300001400228490000700242520130500249653001601554653001401570653001701584653001801601653002201619653001401641100003101655700002001686700002601706700001701732700002301749700001901772700002001791700002901811700003101840856012401871       2023                        eng d  a0032-388800aLuminescent 3D printed poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties0 aLuminescent 3D printed polylactic acid nanocomposites with enhan  cJUL  a2059-20720 v633 a<p>
	The three-dimensional (3D) printing of functional composite materials has gained tremendous interest in recent years. Nevertheless, research on 3D printing of luminescent composite materials is very limited, and the mechanical properties of such 3D-printed composites are poor. Herein, we report the preparation and characterization of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite that, when 3D printed, exhibits enhanced toughness and high solid-state fluorescence quantum yield. Incorporation of only 1 wt% pyrene butyric acid modified cellulose nanofibers (PBA-m-CNF) and l0 wt% thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) into PLA led to 223% increase in toughness and 21% increase in tensile modulus of PLA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microcomputed tomography (mu-CT) analysis of the fractured cross-sections of 3D printed composites revealed a ductile failure mode. The PLA/PBA-m-CNF1/TPU10 3D printed composite also exhibited a high solid-state fluorescence quantum yield of 38.35%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to show both enhanced mechanical properties and high solid-state fluorescence emission for 3D printable PLA. Such functional PLA composites could have potential applications in the fabrication of complex-shaped sensors, optical light pipes, etc.</p>
10a3D printing10aComposite10afluorescence10aNanocellulose10apoly(lactic acid)10atoughness1 aKothavade, Premkumar, Anil1 aYadav, Prashant1 aNidhankar, Aakash, D.1 aTorris, Arun1 aPol, Harshawardhan1 aKafi, Abdullah1 aBateman, Stuart1 aSukumaran, Santosh, Babu1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/luminescent-3d-printed-polylactic-acid-nanocomposites-enhanced-mechanical-properties02508nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245012300055210006900178260000800247300001100255490000700266520164100273653002201914653002601936653002101962653002601983653001302009653001602022100001902038700001802057700002402075700003102099856012402130       2023                        eng d  a0969-023900aSynthesis of N-oxyethylene substituted imidazolium-based zwitterions as a recyclable solvent for cellulose dissolution0 aSynthesis of Noxyethylene substituted imidazoliumbased zwitterio  cJAN  a87-1090 v303 a<p>
	Cellulose is a readily available, renewable, and natural biomaterial that has the potential to replace synthetic fibres. However, their processing to shaped materials such as fibre or film is still complex and restricted due to its insolubility in most conventional solvents. Herein, we present the synthesis and cellulose dissolution characteristics of a new class of recyclable zwitterions composed of tethered N-oxyethylene substituted imidazolium cation and alkyl carboxylate anion. Investigations on cellulose dissolution showed that increasing the alkyl chain length of carboxylate anion and introduction of oxyethylene unit on imidazolium ring led to better cellulose dissolution ability, and up to 12% (w/w) cellulose could be dissolved in aqueous zwitterions at 105 degrees C. The thermal behavior of zwitterions and their cellulose solutions was characterized by TGA and found to be more stable than the NMMO and Lyocell solutions. Rheological characterization of cellulose solutions revealed viscoelastic behavior and zero shear viscosity of 6-12% (w/w) cellulose solution in hexanoate containing aqueous zwitterion was 555 to 5900 Pa.s at 120 degrees C. The characteristics of cellulose solution indicate its potential for processing to cellulose fibre by extrusion through a tiny spinneret. Physico-chemical analysis of regenerated cellulose indicates that zwitterions cause no adverse effect on cellulose structure and morphology during dissolution. The zwitterions are recovered after the cellulose regeneration process, and the recovery was found to be 99.6% after purification using the ion-exchange method.</p>
10aCarboxylate anion10aCellulose dissolution10aOxyethylene unit10aRegenerated cellulose10aRheology10azwitterions1 aJadhav, Sachin1 aGanvir, Vivek1 aSingh, Madan, Kumar1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/synthesis-n-oxyethylene-substituted-imidazolium-based-zwitterions-recyclable-solvent02132nas a2200301   4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260000900238490000700247520111200254653001601366653002001382653000901402653002001411653000901431100002901440700001801469700002901487700002401516700002901540700002501569700001801594700002501612700003101637700003001668856013201698       2023                        eng d  a1861-472800aThermally activated delayed fluorescent solvent-free organic liquid hybrids for tunable emission applications0 aThermally activated delayed fluorescent solventfree organic liqu  cJUL 0 v183 a<p>
	The synthetic feasibility and excellent luminescence features of organic molecules attracted much attention and were eventually found useful in lighting applications. In this context, a solvent-free organic liquid having attractive thermally activated delayed fluorescence features in bulk along with high processability has prime importance. Herein, we report a series of naphthalene monoimide-based solvent-free organic liquids exhibiting cyan to red thermally activated delayed fluorescence with luminescence quantum yields up to 80% and lifetimes between 10 to 45 mu s. An effective approach explored energy transfer between liquid donors with various emitters exhibiting tunable emission colors, including white. The high processability of liquid emitters improved the compatibility with polylactic acid and was used for developing multicolor emissive objects using 3D printing. Our demonstration of the thermally activated delayed fluorescence liquid will be much appreciated as a processable alternate emissive material suitable for large-area lighting, display, and related applications.</p>
10a3D printing10aEnergy Transfer10aOLED10aOrganic Liquids10aTADF1 aNidhankar, Aakash, D. D.1 aGoudappagouda1 aKothavade, Premkumar, D.1 aDongre, Sangram, D.1 aVeer, Sairam, Dnyaneshwa1 aDash, Soumya, Ranjan1 aRajeev, Kavya1 aUnni, K., N. Narayan1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBabu, Sukumaran, Santhosh  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/thermally-activated-delayed-fluorescent-solvent-free-organic-liquid-hybrids-tunable-emission02487nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260000900249300001400258490000600272520153800278653002001816653002001836653003501856653002101891653001401912100002501926700002001951700001901971700002301990700001902013700002002032700003102052856012602083       2024                        eng d  a2637-610500aEnhancing the crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) blends for 3D printing application0 aEnhancing the crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties  cMAY   a5754-57620 v63 a<p>
	3D printing of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends has been attempted to resolve issues such as inherent brittleness and slow crystallization rate of PLA. However, a persistent challenge remains in the form of phase separation or gradual migration of the blended soft polymer or plasticizers. To simultaneously enhance the miscibility of the blends and toughness of 3D-printed parts, a triblock copolymer PLA-PEG-PLA was synthesized and blended with PLA in varying proportions (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %). Blending only 10-20 wt % low molecular weight PLA-PEG-PLA into PLA yielded a miscible blend that showed a 45-fold increase in elongation at break and a 23-fold enhancement in toughness over neat PLA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of fractured cross sections revealed a brittle to ductile transition in 3D-printed PLA/PLA-PEG-PLA samples. Isothermal crystallization studies and data analysis using the Avrami equation showed an enhancement in the crystal growth rate and overall rate of crystallization. The blends achieved half of their crystallinity in approximately 3 min, a significant improvement over the 9 min required by PLA alone. This underscores the efficiency of our approach. This was also evident in the spherulite growth of 3D-printed PLA and mPLA blends when examined using polarized optical microscopy (POM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report exploring the use of blends that include PLA and low molecular weight PLA-PEG-PLA triblock copolymers for 3D printing applications.</p>
10aCrystallization10aFFF 3D printing10aPLA-PEG-PLA triblock copolymer10apoly(lacticacid)10atoughness1 aKothavade, Premkumar1 aYadav, Prashant1 aGopal, Animesh1 aPol, Harshawardhan1 aKafi, Abdullah1 aBateman, Stuart1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enhancing-crystallization-kinetics-and-mechanical-properties-polylactic-acid-blends-3d00868nas a2200229   4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260000800225490000700233653002700240653002500267653003000292653002800322100002500350700001900375700002400394700001800418700003000436700003100466700002000497856012100517       2024                        eng d00aExtrusion 3D printing of intrinsically fluorescent thermoplastic polyimide: revealing an undisclosed potential0 aExtrusion 3D printing of intrinsically fluorescent thermoplastic  cOCT0 v1610aAdditive manufacturing10afunctional extrusion10ahigh-performance polymers10athermoplastic polyimide1 aKothavade, Premkumar1 aKafi, Abdullah1 aDekiwadia, Chaitali1 aKumar, Viksit1 aSukumaran, Santhosh, Babu1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBateman, Stuart  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/extrusion-3d-printing-intrinsically-fluorescent-thermoplastic-polyimide-revealing02643nas a2200313   4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300001600259490000700275520158000282653001601862653001501878653002201893653002101915653002101936100001901957700002301976700002501999700002402024700003002048700002302078700002002101700001802121700003102139700003002170856012902200       2024                        eng d  a1944-824400aHighly electrostrictive salt cocrystal and the piezoelectric nanogenerator application of its 3D-printed polymer composite0 aHighly electrostrictive salt cocrystal and the piezoelectric nan  cMAY  a26406-264160 v163 a<p>
	Ionic cocrystals with hydrogen bonding can form exciting materials with enhanced optical and electronic properties. We present a highly moisture-stable ammonium salt cocrystal [CH3C6H4CH(CH3)NH2][CH3C6H4CH(CH3)NH3][PF6] ((p-TEA)(p-TEAH)PF6) crystallizing in the polar monoclinic C2 space group. The asymmetry in (p-TEA)(p-TEAH)PF6 was induced by its chiral substituents, while the polar order and structural stability were achieved by using the octahedral PF6- anion and the consequent formation of salt cocrystal. The ferroelectric properties of (p-TEA)(p-TEAH)PF6 were confirmed through P-E loop measurements. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) enabled the visualization of its domain structure with characteristic ``butterfly'' and hysteresis loops associated with ferro- and piezoelectric properties. Notably, (p-TEA)(p-TEAH)PF6 exhibits a large electrostrictive coefficient (Q(33)) value of 2.02 m(4) C-2, higher than those found for ceramic-based materials and comparable to that of polyvinylidene difluoride. Furthermore, the composite films of (p-TEA)(p-TEAH)PF6 with polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer and its gyroid-shaped 3D-printed composite scaled-up device, 3DP-Gy, were prepared and evaluated for piezoelectric energy-harvesting functionality. A high output voltage of 22.8 V and a power density of 118.5 mu W cm(-3) have been recorded for the 3DP-Gy device. Remarkably, no loss in voltage outputs was observed for the (p-TEA)(p-TEAH)PF6 devices even after exposure to 99% relative humidity, showcasing their utility under extremely humid conditions.</p>
10a3D printing10acocrystals10aenergy harvesting10aferroelectricity10aPiezoelectricity1 aSahoo, Supriya1 aPanday, Rishukumar1 aKothavade, Premkumar1 aSharma, Vijay, Bhan1 aSowmiyanarayanan, Anirudh1 aPraveenkumar, Balu1 aZareba, Jan, K.1 aKabra, Dinesh1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/highly-electrostrictive-salt-cocrystal-and-piezoelectric-nanogenerator-application-its-3d03011nas a2200181   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151260000800220300001600228490000600244520233800250100002402588700001902612700001702631700001802648700003102666856013202697       2025                        eng d00aDouble-encapsulated controlled release system for the staged delivery of a growth stimulant and herbicide0 aDoubleencapsulated controlled release system for the staged deli  cAPR  a1047–10560 v53 a<p>
	<span style="color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Weed control remains a critical challenge in agriculture, especially with parasitic weeds such as Orobanche spp.,&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Striga</i><span style="color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;spp., and&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Cuscuta</i><span style="color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;spp., which significantly reduce crop yield. Although herbicides are effective against common weeds, they are less effective against parasitic weeds due to their unique germination mechanisms and close association with host plants. Growth regulators can stimulate the germination of parasitic weeds (suicidal germination) in the absence of host plants, providing a potential opportunity for controlling parasitic weeds, especially&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Striga</i><span style="color: rgb(21, 21, 21); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;sps. We report here a double-encapsulated staged delivery system, wherein herbicide (atrazine) is encapsulated in the inner polyurea shell and a growth stimulant (Gibberellic acid, GA3) in the outer alginate matrix. In vitro release study conducted in an aqueous medium showed that the time required for 50% release of atrazine from this double-encapsulated system is 96 h against 3 h for GA3. The quick release of GA3, followed by a slow and sustained release of atrazine, is expected to first induce the germination of parasitic weed seeds using GA3 and subsequently exterminate them upon exposure to atrazine. Interpretation of release data using the Weibull model led to the conclusion that the release of atrazine and GA3 is primarily governed by Fickian diffusion. Soil breakthrough profile shows that double encapsulation of atrazine helps to control the overleaching of atrazine into the soil.</span></p>
1 aAher, Yogeshwar, P.1 aAdhikari, Benu1 aShukla, Ravi1 aMarimuthu, S.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/double-encapsulated-controlled-release-system-staged-delivery-growth-stimulant-and-herbicide02138nas a2200145   4500008004100000245014000041210006900181260000800250520152700258100001801785700001701803700003101820700001801851856012301869       2025                        eng d00aEnhancing asphalt pavement longevity through microcapsule-encapsulated rejuvenators: mechanical performance and self-healing evaluation0 aEnhancing asphalt pavement longevity through microcapsuleencapsu  cOCT3 a<p>
	<span style="font-family: Merriweather, serif; font-size: 18px;">Self-healing asphalt incorporating encapsulated rejuvenators presents a promising solution to extend pavement life by autonomously restoring binder functionality in aged or cracked regions. Calcium-alginate microcapsules encapsulating a commercially available bio-based rejuvenator available in the Indian market were synthesized (2–3&nbsp;mm in diameter) and incorporated into Bituminous Concrete Grade-II asphalt mixtures at 0%, 0.5% and 1% (by aggregates weight). Capsules showed rupture strength &gt; 18&nbsp;N and thermal stability up to 200&nbsp;°C. Microstructural (4D-XRM (X-ray Microscopy), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)), chemical (Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), SARA) and mechanical (Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), resilient modulus, dynamic creep, Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) healing) tests under unaged, short-term aged (STA) and long-term aged (LTA) conditions were performed. At 1% dosage, the Healing Index (HI) increased substantially (up to 58.03% for LTA), while volumetric, rutting and moisture resistance were not significantly affected. EDAX and SARA confirm targeted rejuvenator release under aging. These findings show that low dosages of Calcium alginate microcapsules can improve fracture recovery in aged asphalt mixtures without compromising initial performance, supporting their potential for self-healing pavements.</span></p>
1 aGowda, Sachin1 aBehl, Ambika1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aGupta, Aakash  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enhancing-asphalt-pavement-longevity-through-microcapsule-encapsulated-rejuvenators02859nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194260000800263300001600271490000700287520198900294100002102283700001902304700001902323700001902342700001802361700002802379700003102407700002002438700003002458856012902488       2025                        eng d  a2050-748800aHighly moisture-stable ferroelectric ammonium phosphate salt showing piezoelectric energy harvesting and rotation sensing applications0 aHighly moisturestable ferroelectric ammonium phosphate salt show  cJUL  a22574-225820 v133 a<p>
	Ferroelectric phosphate-based materials are known for their biocompatibility, dipole switching, and high thermal stability. In this context, we report a novel organic ferroelectric material, diisopropylammonium bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (DIPABNPP), crystallizing in the monoclinic C2 space group. DIPABNPP exhibits a high second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency 2.5 times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The ferroelectric nature of DIPABNPP was confirmed by the observation of a rectangular P-E hysteresis loop, which gave a saturated polarization value of 6.82 mu C cm-2. The ferroelectric polar domains of DIPABNPP, along with the bias-dependent amplitude butterfly and phase hysteresis loops, were visualized by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Furthermore, the polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) composites of DIPABNPP enabled the fabrication of humidity-resistant piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with energy harvesting and mechanical-electrical sensing capabilities. The top-performing 10 wt% DIPABNPP-PDMS device achieved a peak output voltage of 9.5 V and a charge storage efficiency of 81.8%, successfully powering 53 LEDs. Additionally, its rapid response time of 18.5 ms enables precise rotation sensing capabilities, suggesting potential applications in motion monitoring, such as revolution per minute (RPM) counting. We also present a unique and refined method for obtaining the output work efficiency (OWE) parameter, which quantifies the ratio of harvested electrical energy to the maximum elastic energy stored in the composite device, taking into consideration several key parameters during the PENG measurements. For the 10 wt% DIPABNPP-PDMS composite, an OWE of 13.1% was achieved, highlighting both its current performance and potential for optimization. This metric provides a standardized approach for evaluating PENGs, addressing a critical gap in assessing mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency.</p>
1 aKushwaha, Vikash1 aPrajesh, Neetu1 aGopal, Animesh1 aSahoo, Supriya1 aDeswal, Swati1 aKirana, Antonysylvester1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aZareba, Jan, K.1 aBoomishankar, Ramamoorthy  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/highly-moisture-stable-ferroelectric-ammonium-phosphate-salt-showing-piezoelectric-energy02343nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245015600055210006900211260000900280300001400289490000700303520134000310653005801650653002101708653002801729653002601757653001701783100001701800700002001817700001901837700001801856700001801874700003101892700002001923856012201943       2025                        eng d  a1060-132500aAn improved one-pot synthesis of polydichlorophosphazene from ammonium sulfate and phosphorus pentachloride and assessment of its stability in solution0 aimproved onepot synthesis of polydichlorophosphazene from ammoni  cNOV   a1016-10260 v623 a<p>
	Polyphosphazenes, with their synthetic flexibilities, can be tailored to achieve various desirable properties. The synthesis of basic linear polymer polydichlorophosphazene (PDCP) free of branching and crosslinking is the most challenging step, and its extreme sensitivity to moisture makes storage and handling difficult. In the reaction of (NH4)2SO4and PCl5 (1:4.5 mole ratio) via one-pot two-step method, the monomer [Cl3PNP(O)Cl2] synthesized from the 1st step directly undergoes bulk polycondensation (2nd step) to produce PDCP. Due to impurities, the produced PDCP is afflicted by frequent branching, cyclic oligomers, and crosslinking. We are reporting an improved one-pot synthesis coupled with an in-situ purification step of the monomer (as confirmed by 31P NMR) with little excess PCl5 in mole ratio (1:4.6-1:4.8). Further, the stability of PDCP and its solutions in toluene and THF have been examined under an inert atmosphere at three different temperatures: room temperature, 0 degrees C-4 degrees C, and -25 degrees C. These stored samples were monitored for cross-linking, gelling, or any other degradation by characterizing through 31P NMR for the appearance of additional peaks. The PDCP can be stored at -25 degrees C for 2 months (pure) and 4 months (toluene) without any deterioration in its structure.</p>
10aP-trichloro-N-(dichloromonophosphoryl)monophosphazene10aPolycondensation10aPolydichlorophosphazene10astability in solution10astorage life1 aYadav, Abhay1 aYadav, Prashant1 aNewale, S., P.1 aSrivastav, V.1 aSingh, A., P.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aSikder, Nirmala  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/improved-one-pot-synthesis-polydichlorophosphazene-ammonium-sulfate-and-phosphorus00811nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260000900252490000800261653001400269653002300283653002400306100001900330700002100349700001900370700001800389700002400407700003100431856013100462       2025                        eng d  a0144-861700aStructure and properties of the cellulose fibres spun from imidazolium-based carboxylate functionalized zwitterionic liquid0 aStructure and properties of the cellulose fibres spun from imida  cJAN 0 v34810acellulose10aDirect dissolution10aZwitterionic liquid1 aJadhav, Sachin1 aSingh, Dhirendra1 aGupta, Deepika1 aGanvir, Vivek1 aSingh, Madan, Kumar1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/structure-and-properties-cellulose-fibres-spun-imidazolium-based-carboxylate-functionalized02214nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260000800226300001100234490000800245520141200253653003101665653002301696653001701719653002201736100002001758700002501778700002201803700003101825856012801856       2025                        eng d  a1381-514800aSustained release polyurethane microcapsules by interfacial polycondensation using aromatic diols0 aSustained release polyurethane microcapsules by interfacial poly  cNOV  a1064600 v2163 a<p>
	Polyurea-urethane (PUU) microcapsules prepared via interfacial polymerization have gained significant interest due to their tunable size and membrane thickness, high loading efficiency, and scalability. Although several aromatic and aliphatic diols and polyols have been used to produce PU foams and films, the use of aromatic diols to synthesize PUU MICs via interfacial polymerization is an unexplored domain due to the restricted solubility of aromatic diols in water. This report highlights the successful preparation of PUU microcapsules using an aromatic diol (benzene-1,4-dimethanol, BDM) to encapsulate dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a model insect repellent. The developed PUU microcapsules exhibited a high % encapsulation efficiency of 92 % and a size range of 1-20 mu m. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms revealed a significantly high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 143 degrees C as compared to 108 degrees C in the case of PUU MICs with aliphatic diols. Release studies confirm enhanced barrier properties for aromatic diol-based MICs as compared to aliphatic ethylene glycol-based PUU MICs, and interpretation of the release profile using the Weibull Model reveals that Fickian diffusion is the dominant mechanism in the release of DMP. These microcapsules can be used in high-performance applications such as composites, coatings, electronics, and construction.</p>
10ainterfacial polymerization10aMicroencapsulation10apolyurethane10asustained release1 aYadav, Prashant1 aRavikumar, Aniruddha1 aAmbade, Ashootosh1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/sustained-release-polyurethane-microcapsules-interfacial-polycondensation-using-aromatic06096nas a2200217   4500008004100000245005000041210005000091260000800141490000700149520545000156100001805606700001905624700001805643700002005661700002105681700001805702700002305720700003105743700001905774856008505793       2025                        eng d00aUltrabroad near infrared emitting perovskites0 aUltrabroad near infrared emitting perovskites  cJAN0 v643 a<p>
	<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Phosphor converted light emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) have revolutionized solid-state white lighting by replacing energy-inefficient filament-based incandescent lamps. However, such a pc-LED emitting ultrabroad near-infrared (NIR) radiations still remains a challenge, primarily because of the lack of ultrabroad NIR emitting phosphors. To address this issue, we have prepared 2.5 % W</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">4+</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">-doped and 2.8 % Mo</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">4+</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">-doped Cs</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">2</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Na</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">0.95</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ag</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">0.05</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">BiCl</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: -0.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">6</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;perovskites emitting ultrabroad NIR radiation with unprecedented spectral widths of 434 and 468 nm, respectively. Upon band-edge excitation, the soft lattice of the host exhibits broad self-trapped exciton (STE) emission covering NIR-I (700 nm), which then nonradiatively excites the dopants. The&nbsp;</span><img alt="mathematical equation" class="fallback__image" src="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/cbbb8722-f036-4e98-91f1-f78348f240a5/anie202415003-math-0001.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;–donor ligand Cl</span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; top: -0.5em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif;">−</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;reduces the energy of dopant&nbsp;</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">d–d</i><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;transitions emitting NIR-II with a peak at ~950 nm. Vibronic coupling broadens the dopant emission. The large spin-orbit coupling and local structural distortion might possibly enhance the dopant emission intensity, leading to an overall NIR photoluminescence quantum yield ~40 %. The composite of our ultrabroad NIR phosphors with biodegradable polymer polylactic acid could be processed into free-standing films and 3D printed structures. Large (170</span><img alt="mathematical equation" class="fallback__image" src="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/62119a49-ef5d-4b17-a727-798978412727/anie202415003-math-0002.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;170 </span><img alt="mathematical equation" class="fallback__image" src="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/3d2c08c0-4ab8-436a-bc69-603df5328723/anie202415003-math-0003.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &quot;Open Sans&quot;, icomoon, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">&nbsp;), robust, and thermally stable 3D printed pc-LED panels emit ultrabroad NIR radiation, demonstrating NIR imaging applications.</span></p>
1 aSaikia, Sajid1 aGopal, Animesh1 aRathod, Radha1 aJoshi, Aprajita1 aPriolkar, K., R.1 aSaha, Surajit1 aSantra, Pralay, K.1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aNag, Angshuman  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/ultrabroad-near-infrared-emitting-perovskites02707nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168260000900237300001400246490000600260520184600266653002002112653002002132653006402152653001402216653001202230100001902242700002002261700002302281700003102304856013002335       2025                        eng d  a2637-610500aUpcycling of postconsumer recyclate polypropylene into low warping and high toughness 3D printable filaments0 aUpcycling of postconsumer recyclate polypropylene into low warpi  cJUN   a7373-73810 v73 a<p>
	Polypropylene (PP) is widely used in commodity applications owing to its chemical stability, mechanical properties and low cost. However, almost 50% of the produced PP ends up as postconsumer waste (PCW) within a short period of usage. Being a non-biodegradable polymer, recycling PCW PP is important to mitigate plastic waste in landfills. Nonetheless, recycling or upcycling postconsumer recyclate (PCR) PP into valuable resources without deterioration in physical and mechanical properties is a challenge. This report presents an approach to upcycle PCR polypropylene (rPP) into high quality 3D printing filament that not only prints with very low warpage but with significantly high elongation at break and toughness. Incorporation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) along with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) in specific proportions led to a significant enhancement in mechanical properties, miscibility, crystallization behavior, and 3D printability. rPP/PBAT blends with 20 wt % PBAT and 10 wt % MAPP exhibited a 62-fold enhancement in elongation at break over rPP (from 1.88 to 118.29%) and a 72-fold increase in toughness (from 2 to 143.60 kJ/m3) with almost similar tensile strength. The final printed components had better layer adhesion and structural stability with a dramatic decrease in warpage, from 25.82% for pristine rPP to only 7.86% for rPP/PBAT blend. Isothermal crystallization studies and data analysis using the Avrami equation showed that crystallization half-time (t 1/2), which measures the duration needed for half of the total crystallinity to form, increased from 12.6 s for rPP to 66 s for the rPP/PBAT blend. This report demonstrates an approach to upcycle PCR PP, a positive step toward realizing the goals of circular economy and sustainable additive manufacturing.</p>
10aCrystallization10aFFF 3D printing10apolypropylene/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)blends10atoughness10awarpage1 aGopal, Animesh1 aPatil, Prashant1 aPol, Harshawardhan1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/upcycling-postconsumer-recyclate-polypropylene-low-warping-and-high-toughness-3d-printable02302nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168260000800237300001400245490000700259520147700266653002001743653002001763653003701783653001401820653001401834653001201848100001901860700001801879700003101897856013201928       2026                        eng d  a0032-388800aLow warping and high toughness recycled high density polyethylene for fused filament fabrication 3D printing0 aLow warping and high toughness recycled high density polyethylen  cJUN  a4390-44020 v663 a<p>
	The incorporation of recycled polymers in additive manufacturing offers a sustainable pathway to reduce plastic waste while enabling cost-effective production of functional components. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is an attractive material for 3D printing owing to its low density, chemical resistance, and recyclability. However, its high crystallinity and tendency to shrink often lead to warpage and poor interlayer adhesion. This study proposes a blend-based strategy to overcome these limitations by incorporating tough linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) into recycled HDPE (rHDPE). The blends were prepared through melt extrusion, and their mechanical, rheological, morphological, and thermal properties, and 3D printability were comprehensively evaluated. rHDPE/LLDPE blends showed a remarkable improvement in elongation at break (from 3.2% to 84.7%) and toughness without compromising tensile strength. Addition of LLDPE led to a moderate reduction in the crystallinity of rHDPE/LLDPE blends (from 69% to 52.5%) but a significant reduction in the warpage of 3D printed samples (from 27% to 7.6%). Rheological and morphological analyses confirmed good miscibility and uniform phase distribution in the blends, with increasing LLDPE content enhancing complex viscosity and melt elasticity. Overall, the rHDPE/LLDPE blends exhibit superior mechanical performance and reduced warpage, establishing their potential for FFF 3D printing applications.</p>
10aCrystallization10aFFF 3D printing10ahigh-density polyethylene blends10aRecycling10atoughness10awarpage1 aGopal, Animesh1 aChaubal, Aman1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/low-warping-and-high-toughness-recycled-high-density-polyethylene-fused-filament-fabrication02056nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245009200055210006900147260000800216300001400224490000700238520127500245653001601520653002801536653001401564653000901578100001801587700001601605700001901621700001901640700003101659856012401690       2026                        eng d  a0969-023900aSimple two-step gelation process to strengthen 3D printed carboxy methyl cellulose gels0 aSimple twostep gelation process to strengthen 3D printed carboxy  cMAR  a2015-20300 v333 a<p>
	Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble cellulose ether that is widely utilized in hydrogel applications due to its exceptional water absorption and biocompatibility. This study reports a simple two step strategy to make mechanically robust CMC gels without any additional chemical crosslinkers and how it could be leveraged to strengthen 3D printed CMC gels. These hydrogels, prepared through acid-induced gelation followed by freeze-thawing, exhibited a compressive modulus of 12.4 +/- 0.92 kPa and a compressive strength of 491.0 +/- 18.1 kPa. They could be leveraged for strengthening 3D printing hydrogels of intricate shapes by direct ink writing. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests indicated an order of magnitude higher storage modulus for freeze-thawed gels (FC) as compared to only acid-induced CMC gels (HCMC). Nonetheless, stress relaxation experiments revealed that FC, as well as HCMC gels, relax at similar time scales. FC gels exhibited clear birefringence under crossed polarizers, indicating molecular ordering that is consistent with the presence of ordered/crystalline domains. Such ordered domains likely contribute to the higher elastic modulus and compressive strength observed in FC gels as compared to HCMC gels.</p>
10a3D printing10aCarboxymethyl cellulose10acellulose10aGels1 aRajput, Tejas1 aSathe, Asmi1 aGopal, Animesh1 aSharma, Aakash1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/simple-two-step-gelation-process-strengthen-3d-printed-carboxy-methyl-cellulose-gels02655nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260000800209490000800217520171400225653001601939653003101955653002201986653001602008653001302024100002902037700002502066700001802091700002302109700002002132700002202152700002302174700003102197700001702228856012002245       2026                        eng d  a1022-135200aVanillin-based recyclable thermosets and their glass fiber reinforced composites0 aVanillinbased recyclable thermosets and their glass fiber reinfo  cJAN0 v2273 a<p>
	The accumulation of end-of-life plastic materials and composite reinforcement waste materials has brought much attention to developing sustainable alternatives and their re-processability. Incorporating covalent adaptable networks (CANs) into the crosslinked network bridges the concept of reversibility into the otherwise conventional non-reversible networks. This study investigates the structure-property relation in two reversible hardener systems derived from vanillin using Schiff base chemistry. The ``CAN'' systems were synthesized by condensation of vanillin with two amines, 4,4'-oxydianiline and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, respectively, to form Va_ODA and Va_TAEA. The epoxy thermosets exhibited glass transition temperatures (T-g) of 125 degrees C and 115 degrees C, respectively, for Va_ODA and Va_TAEA, which is superior to most reversible vanillin-based systems reported. The vitrimer-thermosets exhibited promising mechanical and thermal properties, and reshaping abilities as a function of applied temperatures, indicating the dynamic nature of linkages. Chemical degradability was demonstrated by heating to 80 degrees C for 12 h in aqueous acidic medium or excess amine. The fabricated glass fiber composites exhibited good mechanical properties with tensile strength of 361 MPa and degradability in acetic acid/water mixture with a fiber recovery of &gt;98 %. The recovered glass fiber exhibited almost similar tensile strength as the virgin glass fiber, demonstrating its potential reusability. The epoxy vitrimers underwent mechanical reprocessing through hot-pressing, as well as chemical reprocessing via 3D printing and by regeneration of imine bonds to form an epoxy resin.</p>
10a3D printing10acovalent adaptable network10are-processability10aSchiff base10aVanillin1 aVeetil, Ashwani, Puthiya1 aRavikumar, Aniruddha1 aRajput, Tejas1 aSingh, Aman, Kumar1 aThakur, Tamanna1 aKrishna, Abhijith1 aPol, Harshawardhan1 aShanmuganathan, Kadhiravan1 aAsha, S., K.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/vanillin-based-recyclable-thermosets-and-their-glass-fiber-reinforced-composites