02952nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245015500055210006900210260000900279300001100288490000800299520203900307653003102346653001702377653001802394653001402412653001902426100001902445700001602464700001502480700001602495700002102511700002202532856013202554       2026                        eng d  a1874-391900aCosine similarity analysis of venom proteomes of Indian cobras, Naja naja and Naja kaouthia reveals significant interspecies and geographic variations0 aCosine similarity analysis of venom proteomes of Indian cobras N  cAUG   a1056650 v3303 a<p>
	The Indian cobra (genus Naja) is one of the `Big Fours' responsible for dreaded snakebite incidents in India. Immediate anti-snake venom (ASV) treatment is the only solution for cobra envenomation. Currently available ASVs are not efficacious nationwide, probably due to geographical variations in venom. The lack of precise information on venom variation is the foremost hurdle to ASV improvement. Hence, mapping of geographical variation in snake venom proteome is of utmost importance. Here, we report mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of the venom of Naja naja and Naja kaouthia, collected in the wild from seven regions in India. For the first time, the proteomes of N. kaouthia venom from two Northeastern States of India, Assam and Mizoram, have been characterized. More than 65 proteins from the 12 major protein families were detected in venom samples from all locations. The identification of unique proteins enabled us to understand the variation in venom. In all the venom samples, most of the unique proteins belonged to two families: 3FTX and PLA2. N. kaouthia venom from Assam and Mizoram contained unique proteins in the SVMP and SVSP families. In N. naja only one unique SVMP is seen in the venom from Chandigarh. Cosine similarity analysis revealed an interesting and distinctive similarity between samples from western and northeastern regions. Similarity analysis of proteomic profiles demonstrated the use of machine learning to solve the snakebite problem. Significance: This study highlights the importance of understanding the geographic variation in the venom of Indian cobras (Naja naja and Naja kaouthia) to improve anti-snake venom (ASV) treatments. The current ASVs are not effective across all regions in India due to differences in venom composition. By mapping the venom proteome from different regions, a unique set of proteins was identified. This knowledge is crucial for developing more effective ASVs that can save lives by providing targeted treatment for cobra envenomation.</p>
10aCosine similarity analysis10aIndian cobra10aNaja kaouthia10aNaja naja10aVenom proteome1 aBansode, Sneha1 aModi, Kruti1 aZiya, Sana1 aGoel, Ankit1 aKulkarni, Mahesh1 aNaik, Nishigandha  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/cosine-similarity-analysis-venom-proteomes-indian-cobras-naja-naja-and-naja-kaouthia-reveals