02645nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260001200240300001100252490000700263520183000270653003202100653001602132653002602148653002602174653002802200653002202228100002202250700002502272856011802297       2026                        eng d  a0734-975000aFrom biopolymers to microcompartments: a structured review of protein-based scaffolds for enzyme immobilization0 aFrom biopolymers to microcompartments a structured review of pro  cJUL-AUG  a1088510 v893 a<p>
	Enzyme immobilization is a foundational strategy for enhancing the performance of biocatalysts in both industrial and biomedical applications. Although traditional carriers including biopolymers, organic matrices, and inorganic supports have been widely adopted in established biocatalytic processes, their ability to provide precise nanoscale spatial organization of enzymes and pathway-level reaction control remains limited, particularly in applications such as multi-enzyme cascade reactions, synthetic metabolic pathways, and cell-free systems. While challenges related to enzyme stability, reuse, and apparent reaction efficiency can often be mitigated through well-established biochemical engineering strategies (e.g., carrier functionalization, reactor design, and process optimization), these approaches do not readily enable programmable enzyme colocalization or metabolite channeling, thereby motivating the development of more advanced scaffold systems. In this review, we adopt a tiered perspective progressing from naturally derived biopolymer supports to engineered protein scaffolds, and ultimately to bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) as emerging, organelle-like platforms. We discuss the structural and functional diversity of these proteinaceous scaffolds, including self-assembling nanostructures, virus-like particles, and modular interaction systems. Special emphasis is placed on BMCs for their spatial precision, selective permeability, and ability to encapsulate multi-enzyme pathways. Recent advances in synthetic biology, from orthogonal shell engineering to modular cargo recruitment, underscore their transformative potential for pathway design and metabolic control. This synthesis of current developments aims to inform future scaffold design and broaden the scope of biocatalysis.</p>
10aBacterial microcompartments10aEncapsulins10aEnzyme immobilization10aMetabolic engineering10aProtein-based scaffolds10asynthetic biology1 aTimane, Komal, S.1 aChowdhury, Chiranjit  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/biopolymers-microcompartments-structured-review-protein-based-scaffolds-enzyme