04007nas a2200205 4500008004100000245016400041210006900205260000800274300002300282490000700305520319500312100003303507700002403540700001903564700001803583700002503601700002503626700002403651856012603675 2025 eng d00aGreen synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extract for inhibition of calcium oxalate crystals and uropathogenic bacteria0 aGreen synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using cAUG aarticle number 5000 v153 a

This study explores the therapeutic potential of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and its gold nanoparticle conjugate (PPE-AuNP) in the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis. Pomegranate peels collected from four agro-climatic zones of India exhibited consistent methanolic extract yields (10–17%) and total phenolic content, with the highest levels observed in the West zone. Green synthesis of PPE-AuNPs was confirmed through UV–Vis spectroscopy (λmax = 522 nm), DLS (38.2 ± 2.1 nm), zeta potential (-33.66 ± 2.97 mV), and TEM imaging, which showed uniform spherical nanoparticles. Characterization confirmed that PPE-AuNPs were crystalline and phytochemically capped. FTIR shifts in O–H, C = O, and C–O bands, along with a ~ 500 cm-1 Au–O/N vibration, confirmed phytochemical-mediated reduction and stabilization. XRD revealed an FCC structure with a dominant (111) plane, indicating high crystallinity. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 21.53 µg/mL, superior to PPE and AuNP alone. In vitro calcium oxalate crystallization assays revealed significant crystal inhibition by PPE-AuNPs, confirmed via E-SEM, EDAX, and XRD analyses. Antibacterial studies against E. coliK. pneumoniaeS. aureus, and uropathogenic E. coli showed MIC values of 31.25–62.5 µg/mL for PPE and PPE-AuNPs, with negligible activity from AuNP alone. In vivo studies in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiatic rats revealed significant improvement in urinary parameters, renal biochemistry (creatinine, urea, SGPT, SGOT), hematological markers, and histopathology, especially in the PPE-AuNP-treated group. PPE-AuNP treatment normalized urinary appearance, reduced serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and restored renal architecture with minimal degeneration. The enhanced therapeutic effects of PPE-AuNPs are attributed to their bioactive phenolic surface ligands and colloidal stability. Overall, this study demonstrates the synergistic efficacy of PPE-AuNPs as a potent, green nanotherapeutic agent for urolithiasis, offering antioxidant, antibacterial, and nephroprotective effects with promising translational relevance.

1 aMundhewadikar, Dhananjay, M.1 aBhalerao, Minal, R.1 aVairale, Shiva1 aSabir, Safiya1 aMote, Chandrashekhar1 aChowdhury, Chiranjit1 aAgawane, Sachin, B. uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/green-synthesis-and-characterization-gold-nanoparticles-using-pomegranate-peel-extract