02922nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245013800055210006900193260009900262300001200361490000800373520191900381653002102300653002402321653001902345653001502364653002002379653002202399100002902421700001802450700001902468700002602487700001902513856012402532       2016                        eng d  a0016-236100aEnhanced clathrate hydrate formation kinetics at near ambient temperatures and moderate pressures: Application to natural gas storage0 aEnhanced clathrate hydrate formation kinetics at near ambient te  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLANDbELSEVIER SCI LTDcOCT  a907-9190 v1823 a<p>SNG (solidified natural gas) technology via clathrate hydrates is a potential method for large scale stationary storage of natural gas. Clathrate hydrate formation kinetics in presence of methane and 5.6 mol% tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated in an unstirred reactor configuration at moderate pressure and temperature conditions. It is well known that the presence of THF generally improves the thermodynamic stability of the resulting hydrate. In order to study the scale-up potential of this approach, kinetics of hydrate growth at temperatures close to ambient conditions and moderate pressures is required. Hydrate formation experiments were performed at three different temperatures - 283.2 K, 288.2 K and 293.2 K and at experimental pressures of 7.2 MPa, 5.0 and 3.0 MPa. Further, we report a synergistic effect of kinetic promotion of mixed methane hydrate formation by coupling THF and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 293.2 K. For the first time, we observe rapid mixed methane/THF hydrate formation kinetics at 293.2 K in presence of just 100 ppm sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant with methane gas uptake of 3.45 (+/- 0.17) kmol/m(3) of water in 1 h. This is also the first study to demonstrate such rapid hydrate formation kinetics with significant methane storage capacity at temperature of 293.2 K (closer to the ambient temperature). Further, substantial methane gas uptake of 3.52 (+/- 0.13) kmol/m(3) of water is possible even at reduced experimental pressure of 3.0 MPa and 283.2 K in 2 h. Minimal energy requirement in an unstirred reactor for mixed methane/THF hydrate formation storage can propel the SNG technology for large scale commercial deployment. Further improvement in the process can be achieved by optimizing the cooling requirement through innovative reactor design and operating the process in a semi-batch or continuous mode. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10aMethane hydrates10aNatural gas storage10aRapid kinetics10asurfactant10aTetrahydrofuran10aUnstirred reactor1 aVeluswamy, Hari, Prakash1 aKumar, Sharad1 aKumar, Rajnish1 aRangsunvigit, Pramoch1 aLinga, Praveen  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/enhanced-clathrate-hydrate-formation-kinetics-near-ambient-temperatures-and-moderate