01639nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245014200055210006900197260007300266300001200339490000800351520062700359653002100986653001901007653003701026653001901063653001701082653002001099653002201119653001901141653001701160100001901177700001901196700001701215856012901232       2005                        eng d  a1381-116900aFactors affecting activation and utilization of carbon dioxide in cyclic carbonates synthesis over Cu and Mn peraza macrocyclic complexes0 aFactors affecting activation and utilization of carbon dioxide i  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcFEB  a199-2050 v2263 a<p>The catalytic activities of several Cu and Mn aza complexes for cyclic carbonate synthesis from CO2 and epoxides are reported. The various factors affecting activation of CO2 by metal complexes and its utilization in cyclic carbonate synthesis have been investigated. Fr-IR, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopic investigations reveal that CO2 coordinates to Cu in eta(1)-C mode of coordination. Nature of the ligand and substitution influence the lability of metal-CO2 bonding. The differences in the catalytic activities are correlated with the mode and strength of CO2 binding. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10abenign synthesis10aCarbon dioxide10acatalysis by Cu and Mn complexes10aCO2 activation10aCO2 fixation10aCO2 utilization10acyclic carbonates10apolycarbonates10aspectroscopy1 aSrivastava, R.1 aBennur, T., H.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/factors-affecting-activation-and-utilization-carbon-dioxide-cyclic-carbonates-synthesis-002572nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168260007100237300001400308490000700322520181500329100001602144700002202160700001702182700003002199700001802229856013102247       2005                        eng d  a0897-475600aNature of manganese species in Ce1-xMnxO2-delta solid solutions synthesized by the solution combustion route0 aNature of manganese species in Ce1xMnxO2delta solid solutions sy  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcJUL  a3983-39930 v173 a<p>A series of manganese-cerium oxide composites with Mn concentrations in the range of 1-20 mol % in ceria was prepared by the solution combustion technique using urea as fuel. The nature, type, and oxidation state of Mn species in ceria were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction techniques. The study reveals that the method of preparation significantly influences the type of manganese species in ceria. Wet-impregnation, coprecipitation, and solid-state synthesis techniques lead to clustered MnOx-like species in the ceria matrix, while the present method of preparation (solution combustion route) yields a highly dispersed form of Mn species. In the reported series of samples, Mn is present mainly in +2 and +3 oxidation states and there is no evidence for the presence of Mn 41 species. Powder X-ray diffraction studies at variable temperatures (298-1323 K) indicate the formation of Ce1-xMnxO2-delta Solid solutions. No separate MnOx-type phase was detected even at 1323 K. EPR studies reveal that the isolated Mn2+ and Mn2+ species are present in at least three different structural locations: species A, Mn ions in ceria-lattice defect sites; species B, Mn ions in framework Ce4+ locations; and species C, Mn ions in interstitial locations and at the surface of ceria. The Mn3+ ions in ceria exhibit a facile reduction and reoxidation behavior when exposed to dry hydrogen and subsequently to air at elevated. temperatures. A highly dispersed state of Mn3+ and Mn2+ in ceria, facile redox behavior, and a synergistic Mn-ceria interaction are some of the unique properties of this material prepared by the solution combustion procedure.</p>1 aMurugan, B.1 aRamaswamy, A., V.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aGopinath, Chinnakonda, S.1 aRamaswamy, V.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/nature-manganese-species-ce1-xmnxo2-delta-solid-solutions-synthesized-solution-combustion-001866nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260007300250300001200323490000800335520080500343653003301148653003701181653001101218653004101229653003201270653002901302653004401331653004001375100001901415700001701434700002001451856012901471       2006                        eng d  a0926-860X00aChemo-, regio- and stereo-selective aerial oxidation of limonene to the endo-1,2-epoxide over Mn(Salen)-sulfonated SBA-150 aChemo regio and stereoselective aerial oxidation of limonene to   aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcJUL  a144-1540 v3093 a<p>Mn(Salen) complexes immobilized on sulfonic acid-functionalized SBA-15 molecular sieves (SBA-15-pr-SO3-Mn(Salen)) catalyze the Mukaiyama-type oxidation of R-(+)-limonene selectively to the 1,2-epoxide with molecular oxygen at 298 K (Salen = N,N-ethylenebis(salicylidenaminato)). The endo-diastereomer is formed with a diasteromeric excess of 39.8%. This catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity than ``neat'' Mn(Salen) complexes directly supported on SBA-15 or zeolite-Y. A change in the oxidation state of Mn from +3 in the ``neat'' complex to +2 when immobilized on the sulfonated surface is a probable cause for the observed enhancement of catalytic activity. A part of the Mn complexes was leached out of the solid phase during the reaction. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aaerial oxidation of limonene10acatalysis by Mn(Salen) complexes10achemo-10aimmobilized Mn Schiff base complexes10aMesoporous molecular sieves10aMukaiyama-type oxidation10aregio- and stereo-selective epoxidation10asulfonic acid-functionalized SBA-151 aSaikia, Lakshi1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, Paul  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/chemo-regio-and-stereo-selective-aerial-oxidation-limonene-endo-12-epoxide-over-mnsalen-102353nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260009500211300001000306490000800316520148500324653002101809653002301830653004101853653002201894653003301916100001901949700001701968700001801985856012002003       2006                        eng d  a0021-951700aFe-Zn double-metal cyanide complexes as novel, solid transesteritication catalysts0 aFeZn doublemetal cyanide complexes as novel solid transesteritic  a525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USAbACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCEcJUL  a34-440 v2413 a<p>Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide complexes are currently used as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of epoxides, as well as the coupling of epoxides and CO2 for the production of polycarbonates. We report their novel application as highly efficient solid catalysts for the transesterification reactions of carbonates. The catalysts were prepared from aqueous solutions of ZnCl2 and K4Fe(CN)(6) in the presence of tert-butanol (complexing agent) and tri-block copolymer EO20PO70EO20 (average molecular weight, 5800; co-complexing agent). They were characterized by chemical analysis, XRD, thermal analysis, N-2 adsorption, magnetic susceptibility, SEM, and FTIR, diffuse reflectance UV-visible, EPR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Their acidity was determined from the IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine and the temperature-programmed desorption of NH3. Catalyst samples prepared with both complexing and co-complexing agents were found to be more acidic and catalytically active than those prepared without these agents. These catalysts are more active/selective than other solid catalysts hitherto reported. Dimethyl carbonate, for example, could be synthesized with 100% selectivity and an isolated yield of &gt;86% by the reaction of propene carbonate with methanol. The catalysts can be recycled without significant loss in activity. Lewis acidic Zn ions are the possible active sites for the transesterification reaction. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Inc.</p>10acyclic carbonate10aDimethyl carbonate10adouble metal cyanide Fe-Zn complexes10aorganic carbonate10atransesterification catalyst1 aSrivastava, R.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/fe-zn-double-metal-cyanide-complexes-novel-solid-transesteritication-catalysts-002200nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260007300204300001200277490000800289520115000297653003401447653001401481653001801495653003201513653003901545653002801584653002901612653002601641653004201667100003801709700001901747700001701766700001801783856010901801       2006                        eng d  a0926-860X00aHydrophobic, solid acid catalysts for production of biofuels and lubricants0 aHydrophobic solid acid catalysts for production of biofuels and   aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcNOV  a148-1590 v3143 a<p>A novel application of Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complexes as solid catalysts in the preparation of fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel/biolubricants) from vegetable oils is reported. The catalysts are hydrophobic (no H2O adsorption at reaction temperatures) and contain only Lewis acidic sites (NH3 and pyridine adsorption). Bronsted acid sites are absent (absence of 1546 and 1639 cm(-1) bands on adsorption of pyridine). Basic sites are also absent (no CO2 adsorption). Unlike the homogeneous or other solid catalysts (like ZnO-Al2O3, for example), the Fe-Zn, DMC catalysts are highly active even for the simultaneous transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of the free fatty acids (FFA) present in unrefined and waste cooking oils as well as non-edible oils. They are also tolerant of water, probably, due to their surface hydrophobicity. A relationship between the transesterification activity and the concentration of strong Lewis acid sites has been observed. Coordinatively unsaturated Zn2+ ions in the structure of the Fe-Zn complex are the probable active sites. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aalcoholysis of vegetable oils10aBiodiesel10aBiolubricants10adouble-metal cyanides (DMC)10aesterification of free fatty acids10afatty acid alkyl esters10afatty acid methyl esters10asolid Fe-Zn catalysts10atransesterification of vegetable oils1 aSreeprasanth, Pulinthanathu, Sree1 aSrivastava, R.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/hydrophobic-solid-acid-catalysts-production-biofuels-and-lubricants-002138nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260007300214300001200287490000700299520131000306653001801616653002201634653001201656653001601668653001601684653002101700100001901721700001701740700001801757856012101775       2006                        eng d  a1566-736700aSites for CO2 activation over amine-functionalized mesoporous Ti(Al)-SBA-15 catalysts0 aSites for CO2 activation over aminefunctionalized mesoporous TiA  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcMAR  a314-3260 v903 a<p>{Activation of CO and its utilization in the synthesis of chloropropene and styrene carbonates over functionalized, mesoporous SBA-15 solids, have been investigated. The surface basicity of SBA-15 was modified with nitrogen-based organic molecules of varying basicity viz., alkyl amines (-NH2), adenine (Ade), imidazole (Im) and guanine (Gua). The surface of SBA-15 was also functionalized with Ti4+ and Al3+ species. The acid-base properties of these modified SBA-15 materials were investigated by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. NH3 and pyridine were used as probe molecules for acid sites, while CO, was used to characterize the basic sites. CO was activated at the basic amine sites forming surface carbamate species (IR peaks: 1609 and 1446 cm(-1)). The latter reacted further with epoxides adsorbed on the acid sites forming cyclic carbonates. A correlation between the intensity of the IR peak at 1609 cm(-1) and cyclic carbonate yield has been observed. The cyclic carbonate yields were higher when both the acid and base functionalities were present on the surface. The Ti- and Al-SBA-15 functionalized with adenine exhibited the highest catalytic activity and selectivity. There is an optimal dependence (''</p>10aaromatization10aGa-based zeolites10apropane10aSi/Al ratio10aSi/Ga ratio10azeolitic factors1 aSrivastava, R.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/sites-co2-activation-over-amine-functionalized-mesoporous-tial-sba-15-catalysts-101626nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245013300055210006900188260010600257300001400363490000700377520063300384653001501017653003101032653001701063653002201080653002701102653001101129653001901140653001801159100001901177700001701196700001801213856012901231       2006                        eng d  a0040-403900aSyntheses of polycarbonate and polyurethane precursors utilizing CO2 over highly efficient, solid as-synthesized MCM-41 catalyst0 aSyntheses of polycarbonate and polyurethane precursors utilizing  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcJUN  a4213-42170 v473 a<p>As-synthesized MCM-41 was used as a reusable, heterogeneous catalyst for the eco-friendly synthesis of cyclic carbonate precursors of polycarbonates via a cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides. This catalyst is also efficient for the synthesis of alkyl and aryl carbamate precursors of polyurethanes via the reaction of amines, CO2 and alkyl halides. Both these reactions were carried out under mild conditions and without using any solvent or co-catalyst. CO2 is utilized as a raw material replacement for toxic phosgene in the conventional synthesis of these chemicals. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10acarbamates10acarbon dioxide utilization10aCO2 fixation10acyclic carbonates10aeco-friendly processes10aMCM-4110apolycarbonates10apolyurethanes1 aSrivastava, R.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/syntheses-polycarbonate-and-polyurethane-precursors-utilizing-co2-over-highly-efficient-001492nas a2200217   4500008004100000020002200041022001400063245011200077210006900189260009900258300001400357490000800371520069100379100001701070700001801087700001001105700001201115700001201127700001101139856012401150       2007                        eng d  a978-0-444-53068-4  a0167-299100aChemoselective alkane oxidations by reactive superoxovanadium(V) species in vanadosilicate molecular sieves0 aChemoselective alkane oxidations by reactive superoxovanadiumV s  aSara Burgerhartstraat 25, Po Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, NetherlandsbElsevier Science BVcAUG  a1205-12120 v1703 a<p>Unlike their titanium analogs, vanadosilicate molecular sieves catalyze the oxidation of the terminal (primary) C-H bonds in paraffins. This dissimilarity is attributed to differences in the type of reactive superoxo species generated on contact with oxidant. The latter were identified and characterized by in situ EPR and DRUV-vis spectroscopic techniques. By a suitable choice of silicate structure (VS-1 or V-MCM-41), solvent and oxidant (H(2)O(2), tert.-butyl hydroperoxide or H(2)+O2()), the V-O bond covalency and mode of O-O bond cleavage in the oxo-species and thereby, the chemoselectivity in the oxidation of the terminal carbon atoms in paraffins could be controlled.</p>1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.1 aXu, R1 aGao, Z.1 aChen, J1 aYan, W  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/chemoselective-alkane-oxidations-reactive-superoxovanadiumv-species-vanadosilicate-002595nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260007300240300001200313490000800325520158500333653003301918653002001951653003201971653001602003653005302019653003502072653003902107653003002146100001702176700001802193856013002211       2007                        eng d  a1387-181100aSpectroscopic and catalytic properties of SBA-15 molecular sieves functionalized with acidic and basic moieties0 aSpectroscopic and catalytic properties of SBA15 molecular sieves  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcSEP  a170-1800 v1053 a<p>SBA-15, grafted with Lewis acidic Ti4+ ions and basic amines (imidazole, guanine or adenine) exhibited high catalytic activity in the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides yielding selectively cyclic carbonate precursors of polycarbonates. In the second class of materials, the surface of SBA-15 was grafted with thiol or sulfonic acid functionalities. Mn(Salen)Cl was, then, covalently bound to these acidic groups. The resulting catalysts show enhanced chemo-, regio- and stereo-selective catalytic activity in the epoxidation of terpenes such as R-(+)limonene, alpha-pinene and Delta-carene with molecular oxygen. The acid-base properties of these modified SBA- 15 materials were investigated by temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Ammonia and pyridine were used as probe molecules for acidic sites and CO2 for basic sites. Acidic Ti sites activated epoxides and the grafted basic amines activated CO2. The simultaneous presence of both acidic and basic sites on amine/adenine-functionalized Ti-SBA-15 enabled synergistic enhancement in catalytic activity in the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to epoxides. When Mn(Salen)Cl was immobilized on thiol or sulfonic acid-functionalized SBA-15, the oxidation state of Mn decreased from +3 to +2. The organo-acidic functional groups (thiol or sulfonic acid) axialk, coordinated to Mn ions modified the electronic structure of Mn ions enhancing the activity and selectivity of Mn(Salen) complexes in aerial oxidation reactions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>10aaerial oxidation of terpenes10aCO2 utilization10acyclic carbonates synthesis10aepoxidation10afunctionalization with acidic and basic moieties10aimmobilization of Mn complexes10aorgano-functionalization of SBA-1510asolid acid-base catalysts1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/spectroscopic-and-catalytic-properties-sba-15-molecular-sieves-functionalized-acidic-and-002067nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245013000055210006900185260010600254300001400360490000700374520107300381653002501454653001301479653001901492653002801511653004301539100001601582700002201598700001701620700003001637700002001667856012601687       2008                        eng d  a1359-645400aEffect of fuel and its concentration on the nature of Mn in Mn/CeO2 solid solutions prepared by solution combustion synthesis0 aEffect of fuel and its concentration on the nature of Mn in MnCe  aTHE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLANDbPERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTDcAPR  a1461-14720 v563 a<p>Nano and microcrystalline, Mn/CeO2 solid solutions (5 mol.% Mn) have been prepared by solution combustion synthesis using urea, glycine or polyethylene glycol (PEG) as fuel. The nature of the fuel and its concentration (fuel to metal mole ratio, F/M have a strong influence on the physical and chemical characteristics of the resulting Mn/CeO2 solid solutions. The variations in the physicochemical properties are attributed to differences in (i) the adiabatic/real flame temperature realized with these fuels at different F/M ratios; (ii) the sustenance of the temperature or the quenching effect of the fuel at higher F/M ratios; (iii) combustion or decomposition of the precursors as the main course of the reaction; and (iv) the generation of gaseous products during combustion. Since the addition of the fuel to the initial precursor solution does not change the pH of the medium, the differences in the type of Mn species formed are mainly attributed to the combustion process. (C) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>10aCombustion synthesis10aMn-ceria10aNanocomposites10aX-ray diffraction (XRD)10aX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)1 aMurugan, B.1 aRamaswamy, A., V.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aGopinath, Chinnakonda, S.1 aRamaswamy, Veda  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/effect-fuel-and-its-concentration-nature-mn-mnceo2-solid-solutions-prepared-solution-002154nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245005700055210005600112260006900168300001200237490000800249520136900257653002001626653000801646653000801654653001501662653000801677100002401685700001301709700001701722700002201739700001901761700002101780856008701801       2008                        eng d  a0925-400500aEPR and DRS evidence for NO2 sensing in Al-doped ZnO0 aEPR and DRS evidence for NO2 sensing in Aldoped ZnO  aPO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLANDbELSEVIER SCIENCE SAcMAR  a668-6730 v1303 a<p>Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a well-known semiconducting multifunctional material wherein properties right from the morphology to gas sensitivity can be tailor-made by doping or surface modification. Aluminum (Al)-incorporated porous zinc oxide (AI:ZnO) exhibits good response towards NO2 at low-operating temperature. The NO2 gas concentration as low as 20 ppm exhibits S = 17% for 5 wt. % Al-incorporated ZnO. The NO2 response increases with operating temperature and concentration and reaches to its maximum at 300 degrees C without any interference from other gases such as SO3, HCl, LPG and alcohol. Physico-chemical characterization likes differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) have been used to understand the sensing behavior for pure and A]-incorporated ZnO. The TG-DTA depicts formation of ZnO phase at 287 degrees C. The EPR study reveals distinct variation for O- (g=2.003) and Zn interstitial (g = 1.98) defect sites in pure and Al:ZnO. The DRS studies elucidate signature of adsorbed NO, species in aluminium-incorporated zinc oxide indicating its tendency to adsorb these species even at low temperatures. This paper is an attempt to correlate the gas sensing behavior with the physico-chemical studies such as EPR and DRS. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.</p>10aaluminum doping10aDRS10aEPR10aNO2 sensor10aZnO1 aNavale, Shalaka, C.1 aRavi, V.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aMulla, Imtiaz, S.1 aGosavi, S., W.1 aKulkarni, S., K.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/epr-and-drs-evidence-no2-sensing-al-doped-zno-002645nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245018900055210006900244260007300313300001000386490000800396520149100404653003101895653001401926653003601940653004601976653002502022653002402047100001802071700002102089700002702110700002402137700001702161700002402178700002502202856012802227       2008                        eng d  a0022-286000aVitamin K-3 family members - Part II: Single crystal X-ray structures, temperature-induced packing polymorphism, magneto-structural correlations and probable anti-oncogenic candidature0 aVitamin K3 family members Part II Single crystal Xray structures  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcDEC  a74-830 v8923 a<p>Temperature-induced packing polymorphism is observed for vitamin K-3 (menadione, 3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 1). Form la crystallizes at 300 K and 1b at 277 K both in the same space group P2(1)/c. Form 1b contains one molecule per asymmetric unit, performing anisotropy in g-factor viz. g(z) = 2.0082, g(y) = 2.0055 and g(x) = 2.0025, whereas form 1a contains two molecules in its asymmetric unit. Vitamin K-3 family members 2, [2-hydroxy vitamin K-3] and 3, [2-hydroxy-1-oximino vitamin K-3] also perform intrinsic neutral active naphthosemiquinone valence tautomers even in dark having spin concentrations due to hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking interactions which are compared to vitamin K-3. The significant lateral C-H center dot center dot center dot O and O-H center dot center dot center dot pi bifurcated or pi-pi(center dot) interactions are discussed for molecular associations and radical formations. X-ray structure of 3 revealed pi-pi(center dot) stack dimers as radicals signatured in PR as triplet with five hyperfine splits [(A) over bar(N-14) = 11.9 G]. The centrosymmetric biradicals in 3 show diamagnetism at high temperature but below 10 K it shows paramagnetism with mu(eff) as 0.19 B.M. Vitamin K-3 and its family members inhibit biological activities of acid phosphatase (APase), which are proportional to their spin concentrations. This may relate to their probable anti-oncogenic candidature in future. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aAnti-oncogenic candidature10aH-bonding10aMagneto-structural correlations10aNaphthosemiquinones in vitamin K-3 family10aPacking polymorphism10aSpin concentrations1 aRane, Sandhya1 aAhmed, Khursheed1 aSalunke-Gawali, Sunita1 aZaware, Santosh, B.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aGonnade, Rajesh, G.1 aBhadbhade, Mohan, M.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/vitamin-k-3-family-members-part-ii-single-crystal-x-ray-structures-temperature-induced-001655nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260007100220300001400291490000700305520098800312100002801300700001701328700002001345856012001365       2009                        eng d  a0887-062400aEstimation of free fatty acid content in oils, fats, and biodiesel by (1)H NMR spectroscopy0 aEstimation of free fatty acid content in oils fats and biodiesel  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcMAR  a2273-22770 v233 a<p>A novel (1)H NMR method for the quantification of free fatty acid (FFA) content in vegetable oils, animal fats, and biodiesel is reported. Nonedible oils and animal fats, which are increasingly being explored as cheaper, renewable feed stocks for biodiesel production by transesterification with methanol, contain a significant amount of FFA along with other acidic impurities. The (1)H NMR spectroscopic method is found to be more accurate than the conventional titrimetric analysis for the estimation of FFA content especially in those cases where acidic entities other than the FFA are also present in the feedstock. The titrimetric methods provide a gross acid value which corresponds to that of FFA and other acidic impurities. Our NMR method provides the FFA content exclusively. In the case of refined edible oils (wherein the other acidic impurities are negligible), the results obtained from the (1)H NMR method are comparable with those from the titrimetic analysis.</p>1 aSatyarthi, Jitendra, K.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, Paul  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/estimation-free-fatty-acid-content-oils-fats-and-biodiesel-1h-nmr-spectroscopy-001888nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134260011700203300001000320490000800330520101800338653003201356653001601388653001401404653003301418653002501451653003601476100001901512700001701531856011001548       2009                        eng d  a0920-586100aRedox and selective oxidation properties of Mn complexes grafted on SBA-150 aRedox and selective oxidation properties of Mn complexes grafted  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbCatalysis Soc India; Petrotech Soc; Indo US Sci & Technol ForumcMAR  a66-710 v1413 a<p>Manganese complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (Mn(TPP)Cl) were grafted on SBA-15 functionalized with propyl-amine, -thiol and -sulfonic acid groups. The acido-basic properties of the support influenced the oxidation state, redox behavior and selective oxidation properties of the Mn complexes. Acidic supports (SBA-15-pr-SH and SBA-15-pr-SO(3)H) promoted the reduction of Mn ions in Mn-TPP complexes from 3+ to 2+ oxidation state. A similar behavior was found also when Mn(Salen)Cl complexes were immobilized on those supports. However, the extent of such facile reduction was more in the case of Mn-TPP than in Mn-Salen complexes. The former exhibited superior catalytic activity (turnover frequency) than the latter-type Mn complexes in regio-, stereo- and chemoselective oxidation of R-(+)-limonene with molecular oxygen (1 atm) at ambient temperatures. The catalytic oxidation activity correlates with the redox behavior of the grafted Mn complexes. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aGrafted manganese complexes10aMn(Salen)Cl10aMn(TPP)Cl10aOrgano-functionalized SBA-1510aRedox behavior of Mn10aSelective oxidation of limonene1 aSaikia, Lakshi1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/redox-and-selective-oxidation-properties-mn-complexes-grafted-sba-15-001909nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260005700215300001200272490000800284520113100292653002601423653000801449653001101457653004201468653002801510100001401538700001701552856012201569       2009                        eng d  a1011-372X00aSelective oxidation of benzyl alcohol over copper phthalocyanine immobilized on MCM-410 aSelective oxidation of benzyl alcohol over copper phthalocyanine  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcMAR  a434-4420 v1283 a<p>Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) complexes immobilized on ``neat'' and Ti(4+) and Al(3+) containing MCM-41 mimic the functionality of metalloenzymes. These novel materials catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to selectively benzaldehyde at moderate temperatures using peroxides and molecular oxygen as oxidant. Electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies revealed that the acidity of the support (MCM-41) influences the electronic structure of the immobilized CuPc. On acidic supports a part of copper in CuPc got reduced from a ``formal'' +2 to +1 oxidation state. This reduction of copper in its oxidation state on different supports decreased in the order: Al-MCM-41 (Bronsted and strong Lewis acid sites) &gt; MCM-41 (silanol sites) &gt; Ti-MCM-41 (weak Lewis acid sites). A linear variation in catalytic activity with the concentration of Cu(1+) ions in different catalyst samples was observed. The study reveals that by suitably modifying the acidic properties of the support one can, in principle, fine-tune the electronic and catalytic properties of the active oxidation sites.</p>10aCopper phthalocyanine10aEPR10aMCM-4110aSelective oxidation of benzyl alcohol10aUV-visible spectroscopy1 aHamza, A.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/selective-oxidation-benzyl-alcohol-over-copper-phthalocyanine-immobilized-mcm-41-001330nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134260005700203300001000260490000800270520054700278653001000825653003000835653001900865653001900884653001800903653002300921100002700944700001700971856011200988       2010                        eng d  a1011-372X00aChemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over Pd/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts0 aChemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over PdCeO2ZrO2 c  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcNOV  a55-640 v1403 a<p>Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over Pd (2 wt%) supported on CeO2, ZrO2 and CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts is reported for the first time. In general, the olefinic (C=C) group of cinnamaldehyde is preferentially hydrogenated compared to the carbonyl (C=O) group. This selectivity preference could, however, be altered or reversed by adding alkali additives to the catalyst. The influence of additive on the structure and redox properties of the active sites and correlation of that with selective hydrogenation activity is investigated.</p>10aalpha10abeta-Unsaturated aldehyde10aCeria-zirconia10aCinnamaldehyde10aHydrogenation10apalladium catalyst1 aBhogeswararao, Seemala1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/chemoselective-hydrogenation-cinnamaldehyde-over-pdceo2-zro2-catalysts-001522nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260007300213300001400286490000700300520065800307653002800965653003100993653003301024653002601057653002401083100002301107700002701130700001701157856011801174       2011                        eng d  a1566-736700aEsterification of fatty acids with glycerol over Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide catalyst0 aEsterification of fatty acids with glycerol over FeZn doublemeta  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcAUG  a1302-13060 v123 a<p>Solid Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complex exhibits high catalytic activity for esterification of fatty acids (FA) with glycerol. DMC catalysts with varying acidities were prepared by synthesizing the material at four different temperatures (10, 25, 50 and 80 degrees C). The catalyst prepared at 50 degrees C exhibited highest catalytic activity. Catalytic activity of DMC was influenced by both acidity and surface area. Complete conversion of FA was achieved at 140-200 degrees C under atmospheric pressure. Chain length of FA was found to influence the rate of reaction and product selectivity. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aAcid-catalyzed reaction10aDouble-metal cyanide (DMC)10aEsterification of fatty acid10aFatty acid glycerides10asolid acid catalyst1 aKotwal, Mehejabeen1 aDeshpande, Suvarna, S.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/esterification-fatty-acids-glycerol-over-fe-zn-double-metal-cyanide-catalyst-001830nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138260007300207300001200280490000800292520099600300653003301296653001801329653001601347653004201363653002401405100002201429700001701451700001801468856011401486       2011                        eng d  a0926-860X00aHydrolysis of vegetable oils and fats to fatty acids over solid acid catalysts0 aHydrolysis of vegetable oils and fats to fatty acids over solid   aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcJAN  a427-4350 v3913 a<p>Solid Fe-Zn double-metal cyanide (DMC) complexes exhibit high catalytic activity for hydrolysis of edible and non-edible vegetable oils and animal fat. In a batch reaction, complete conversion of vegetable oil triglycerides to fatty acids with selectivity greater than 73 wt% was obtained at temperatures as low as 463 K, autogenous pressure and with 5 wt% of catalyst. Catalytic activity of DMC was superior to Amberlyst (TM) 70, SAPO-11, H-beta, HY, MoO(x)/Al(2)O(3) and sulfated zirconia. Rates of hydrolysis were greatly enhanced when solvents (tetrahydrofuran or N,N-dimethylformamide), phase transfer agents (tetrapropyl ammonium bromide) and products (a mixture of mono-/diglycerides and fatty acids) or fatty acid was added to the feed. Surface hydrophobicity which enables high wettability and activation of glycerides on active, acidic sites of reusable DMC is attributed to be the major cause for its superior catalytic activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aDouble-metal cyanide complex10aFat splitting10aFatty acids10aHydrolysis of vegetable oils and fats10asolid acid catalyst1 aSatyarthi, J., K.1 aSrinivas, D.1 aRatnasamy, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/hydrolysis-vegetable-oils-and-fats-fatty-acids-over-solid-acid-catalysts-001585nas a2200289   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260011000241300001400351490000700365520056300372653001400935653001800949653001400967653002400981653001801005653001401023653002501037653002401062653001901086653000901105100001401114700002801128700001701156856012201173       2011                        eng d  a0376-471000aLanthanum and zinc incorporated hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts for biodiesel and biolubricants production0 aLanthanum and zinc incorporated hydrotalcites as solid base cata  aDR K S KRISHNAN MARG, PUSA CAMPUS, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIAbNATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION-NISCAIRcAUG  a1017-10250 v503 a<p>Mg-Al hydrotalcites doped with varying amounts of lanthanum and zinc ions (10 30 mol %) have been prepared by co-precipitation method and used, after calcination at 873 K, as solid base catalysts for transesterification of soybean oil with methanol (producing biodiesel) and n-octanol (producing biolubricants). The catalyst with 20 mol % of lanthanum shows the highest transesterification activity (soybean oil conversion = 100 % and biodiesel yield = 95 %) at 423 K in 4 h. Catalytic activity varies in proportion with the basicity of the catalysts.</p>10aBiodiesel10aBiolubricants10acatalysis10aDoped hydrotalcites10aHydrotalcites10aLanthanum10aSolid base catalysts10atransesterification10aVegetable oils10azinc1 aRahul, R.1 aSatyarthi, Jitendra, K.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/lanthanum-and-zinc-incorporated-hydrotalcites-solid-base-catalysts-biodiesel-and-001865nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260007300221300001200294490000800306520098500314653004401299653001401343653001601357653001601373653002501389653001501414653001801429100002801447700001701475856013101492       2011                        eng d  a0926-860X00aSelective epoxidation of methyl soyate over alumina-supported group VI metal oxide catalysts0 aSelective epoxidation of methyl soyate over aluminasupported gro  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcJUL  a189-1980 v4013 a<p>Epoxidation of methyl soyate (biodiesel), soybean oil and oleic acid with tert.-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was investigated over gamma-alumina-supported group VI metal oxides (CrOx/Al2O3, MoOx/Al2O3 and WOx/Al2O3) prepared by impregnation method. The studies revealed that 15 wt% MoOx on gamma-Al2O3 was the most active catalyst (conversion &gt;90 mol% under optimized conditions). While MoOx/Al2O3 is selective mainly for epoxidation, the other catalysts are active for epoxidation as well as for decomposition of TBHP. The active species on the catalyst surface were investigated using in situ UV-visible spectroscopy. A linear correlation was observed between epoxidation activity and surface acidity of the catalyst. A new H-1 NMR method was developed to monitor the progress of epoxidation reaction which was found to be superior to gas chromatographic method in estimating the conversion of double bonds of fatty compounds. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aAlumina-supported group VI metal oxides10aBiodiesel10aepoxidation10aFatty acids10aH-1 NMR spectroscopy10aMoOx/Al2O310aVegetable oil1 aSatyarthi, Jitendra, K.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/selective-epoxidation-methyl-soyate-over-alumina-supported-group-vi-metal-oxide-catalysts-001482nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245011000055210006900165260007100234300001400305490000700319520083400326100002101160700001701181856012601198       2012                        eng d  a0888-588500aCalcined, rare earth modified hydrotalcite as a solid, reusable catalyst for dimethyl carbonate synthesis0 aCalcined rare earth modified hydrotalcite as a solid reusable ca  a1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USAbAMER CHEMICAL SOCcMAY  a6356-63630 v513 a<p>An eco-friendly building block and fuel additive dimethyl-carbonate (DMC)-was synthesized through a benign route by transesterification of propylene carbonate (PC) with methanol. The catalytic activity of a series of calcined, rare earth elements (La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, and Y3+; 2-10 mol %) incorporated Mg-Al hydrotalcites (HT) was evaluated for this reaction. Among several, the La (8 mol %) modified HT showed the highest activity (PC conversion = 65.4 mol % and DMC selectivity = 88 mol % at 150 degrees C and in 2 h). Basicity of the catalyst played an important role on the transesterification activity. The influence of reaction parameters and calcination temperature on the catalytic activity of HT was investigated. The La modified HT catalyst was heterogeneous and could be reused with little loss of activity.</p>1 aUnnikrishnan, P.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/calcined-rare-earth-modified-hydrotalcite-solid-reusable-catalyst-dimethyl-carbonate-001729nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260009500223300001000318490000800328520083300336653001001169653003001179653001901209653001901228653001801247653002901265653002601294100002701320700001701347856012301364       2012                        eng d  a0021-951700aIntramolecular selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over CeO2-ZrO2-supported Pt catalysts0 aIntramolecular selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over Ce  a525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USAbACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCEcJAN  a31-400 v2853 a<p>Selective liquid phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde is reported, for the first time, over CeO2, ZrO2, and CeO2-ZrO2-supported Pt catalysts. Cinnamyl alcohol is the selective product. These catalysts are highly active and selective even at 25 degrees C and found to be superior to most of the hitherto known supported Pt catalysts. Alkali addition (NaOH) has enhanced the performance of these catalysts. At an optimized reaction condition, 95.8% conversion of cinnamaldehyde and 93.4% selectivity of cinnamyl alcohol have been obtained. Acidity of the support (due to the presence of ZrO2 component) and higher electron density at Pt (due to CeO2 component) are attributed to be responsible for the superior catalytic activity of Pt supported on CeO2-ZrO2 composite material. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>10aalpha10abeta-Unsaturated aldehyde10aCeria-zirconia10aCinnamaldehyde10aHydrogenation10aPromotion by alkali ions10aSupported Pt catalyst1 aBhogeswararao, Seemala1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/intramolecular-selective-hydrogenation-cinnamaldehyde-over-ceo2-zro2-supported-pt-001402nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260005700231300001400288490000800302520052000310653001900830653001900849653003400868653002800902653002600930100002700956700001700983700002101000700001701021856012201038       2013                        eng d  a1011-372X00aNoble metal promoted CeO2-ZrO2-supported ni catalysts for liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde0 aNoble metal promoted CeO2ZrO2supported ni catalysts for liquidph  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcDEC  a1266-12760 v1433 a<p>Pd or Pt promoted CeO2-ZrO2-supported Ni catalysts exhibited superior catalytic activity to the hitherto known Ni catalysts for liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde at moderate conditions. Under similar experimental conditions, the unpromoted catalyst was selective for hydrocinnamaldehyde product (C=C hydrogenation) whereas the promoted catalyst yielded 3-phenyl propanol (C=C and C=O hydrogenation product). Enhanced dispersion of Ni was the cause for higher activity of the promoted Ni catalysts.</p>10aCeria-zirconia10aCinnamaldehyde10aNoble metal promoted catalyst10aSelective hydrogenation10aSupported Ni catalyst1 aBhogeswararao, Seemala1 aKumar, Pavan1 aChary, K., V. R.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/noble-metal-promoted-ceo2-zro2-supported-ni-catalysts-liquid-phase-hydrogenation-001826nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245013200055210006900187260007300256300001200329490000800341520087800349653001801227653003301245653002601278653003601304653001801340653004301358100002001401700002301421700001701444856012301461       2013                        eng d  a0926-860X00aZirconium phenyl phosphonate phosphite as a highly active, reusable, solid acid catalyst for producing fatty acid polyol esters0 aZirconium phenyl phosphonate phosphite as a highly active reusab  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcJUL  a129-1360 v4623 a<p>The application of zirconium phenyl phosphonate phosphite (ZrPP) as a solid acid catalyst for producing polyol esters by esterification of glycerol or trimethylolpropane with a fatty acid (C-8-C-18.1) is reported for the first time. ZrPP exhibits high catalytic activity and in particular, (di + tri) esters selectivity (92.3 mol%). These esters of polyols are known for their application as biolubricants. The catalyst prepared using phosphorous acid to phenyl phosphonic acid molar ratio of 3:1 was found superior. The influence of process parameters on activity and selectivity of the catalyst was investigated. ZrPP was reusable in at least three recycling experiments. Hydrophobicity due to exposed phenyl groups on the surface is the possible cause for superior esterification activity of this novel, solid catalyst. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aBiolubricants10aEsterification of fatty acid10aFatty acid glycerides10aHydrophobic solid acid catalyst10aPolyol esters10aZirconium phenyl phosphonate phosphite1 aVarhadi, Poonam1 aKotwal, Mehejabeen1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/zirconium-phenyl-phosphonate-phosphite-highly-active-reusable-solid-acid-catalyst-002013nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260009500220300001000315490000800325520114000333653003501473653002001508653001301528653001801541653001901559653003401578100002701612700001701639856012701656       2015                        eng d  a0021-951700aCatalytic conversion of furfural to industrial chemicals over supported Pt and Pd catalysts0 aCatalytic conversion of furfural to industrial chemicals over su  a525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USAbACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCEcJUL  a65-770 v3273 a<p>Several industrial chemicals were prepared by hydrogenation of furfural over gamma-Al2O3-supported Pt and Pd catalysts. These catalysts were active even at room temperature (25 degrees C). While the Pt catalysts were selective for C=O hydrogenation (yielding furfuryl alcohol), Pd facilitated ring hydrogenation (producing tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol). At high temperature (240 degrees C), the Pd catalyst exhibited excellent decarbonylation activity forming furan with 85% yield. The catalyst was reusable even in the absence of external hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen led to ring-opened products. Furan was quantitatively converted at 25 degrees C to tetrahydrofuran. Acidity of the support made a marked influence on the activity and selectivity. Pt on SO4-ZrO2 favored hydrogenolysis yielding 2-methyl furan along with furan with &gt;75 wt% selectivity. Particle size, metal dispersion, and solvent influenced catalytic activity. Differences in structure and mode of furfural adsorption were also the causes for variations in selectivity of these supported Pt and Pd catalysts. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>10aBiomass to fuels and chemicals10aDecarbonylation10afurfural10aHydrogenation10aHydrogenolysis10aSupported Pt and Pd catalysts1 aBhogeswararao, Seemala1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/catalytic-conversion-furfural-industrial-chemicals-over-supported-pt-and-pd-catalysts-001616nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260007300211300001000284490000800294520075200302653002201054653002901076653003701105653002401142653001801166653004401184100002101228700001701249856012001266       2015                        eng d  a1381-116900aHighly active and reusable ternary oxide catalyst for dialkyl carbonates synthesis0 aHighly active and reusable ternary oxide catalyst for dialkyl ca  aPO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDSbELSEVIER SCIENCE BVcMAR  a42-490 v3983 a<p>The application of ternary oxides, prepared through calcination of rare-earth modified Mg/Al-hydrotalcite (HT), as highly active, selective, and reusable solid catalysts for dialkyl carbonates synthesis by transesterification reaction is reported. Dimethyl carbonate, for example, was prepared by reacting ethylene carbonate with methanol in 100 mol% selectivity at a yield of 95 mol%. Among several rare-earth modified precursors, La (10 mol%)-HT showed the highest activity. This catalyst was active even at ambient conditions. Basicity of the catalyst played crucial role on its performance. The activity of these catalysts was superior to the hitherto known solid catalysts for this reaction. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>10aDialkyl carbonate10aDimethyl carbonate (DMC)10aRare-earth modified hydrotalcite10aSolid base catalyst10aTernary oxide10aTransesterification of cyclic carbonate1 aUnnikrishnan, P.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/highly-active-and-reusable-ternary-oxide-catalyst-dialkyl-carbonates-synthesis-001254nas a2200145   4500008004100000022002000041245002800061210002800089260001800117300001100135520086100146100002101007700001701028856006301045       2016                        eng d  a978-012801457-800aHeterogeneous catalysis0 aHeterogeneous catalysis  bElsevier Inc.  a41-1113 aA majority of industrial catalytic processes use heterogeneous catalysts because of their engineering advantages. At present, heterogeneous catalysis covers almost 80% of the global market share. The demand for heterogeneous catalysis is growing annually. In 2010, it was about US 14 billion and expected estimation of it in 2015 is around 20 billion. Understanding at the molecular level the way surfaces of solids catalyze chemical reactions is a challenge in this area of research. This chapter introduces the fundamentals of heterogeneous catalysis, current industrial practices using solid catalysts, reaction steps involved in heterogeneous catalysis, conventional and advanced methods of catalyst preparation, catalyst characterization techniques, causes for catalyst deactivation, steps to avoid deactivation, and methods of catalyst reactivation. 1 aUnnikrishnan, P.1 aSrinivas, D.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/heterogeneous-catalysis