03064nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260005700221300001200278490000800290520213900298653002002437653001702457653001402474653002302488653002902511100001902540700002802559700002202587700002402609700002102633700002002654856012402674       2015                        eng d  a0032-093500aEcological turmoil in evolutionary dynamics of plant-insect interactions: defense to offence0 aEcological turmoil in evolutionary dynamics of plantinsect inter  a233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USAbSPRINGERcOCT  a761-7710 v2423 a<p>Available history manifests contemporary diversity that exists in plant-insect interactions. A radical thinking is necessary for developing strategies that can co-opt natural insect-plant mutualism, ecology and environmental safety for crop protection since current agricultural practices can reduce species richness and evenness. The global environmental changes, such as increased temperature, CO (2) and ozone levels, biological invasions, land-use change and habitat fragmentation together play a significant role in re-shaping the plant-insect multi-trophic interactions. Diverse natural products need to be studied and explored for their biological functions as insect pest control agents. In order to assure the success of an integrated pest management strategy, human activities need to be harmonized to minimize the global climate changes. Plant-insect interaction is one of the most primitive and co-evolved associations, often influenced by surrounding changes. In this review, we account the persistence and evolution of plant-insect interactions, with particular focus on the effect of climate change and human interference on these interactions. Plants and insects have been maintaining their existence through a mutual service-resource relationship while defending themselves. We provide a comprehensive catalog of various defense strategies employed by the plants and/or insects. Furthermore, several important factors such as accelerated diversification, imbalance in the mutualism, and chemical arms race between plants and insects as indirect consequences of human practices are highlighted. Inappropriate implementation of several modern agricultural practices has resulted in (i) endangered mutualisms, (ii) pest status and resistance in insects and (iii) ecological instability. Moreover, altered environmental conditions eventually triggered the resetting of plant-insect interactions. Hence, multitrophic approaches that can harmonize human activities and minimize their interference in native plant-insect interactions are needed to maintain natural balance between the existence of plants and insects.</p>10aClimatic change10aCo-evolution10aEcosystem10aHuman interference10aPlant-insect interaction1 aMishra, Manasi1 aLomate, Purushottam, R.1 aJoshi, Rakesh, S.1 aPunekar, Sachin, A.1 aGupta, Vidya, S.1 aGiri, Ashok, P.  uhttps://library.ncl.res.in/content/ecological-turmoil-evolutionary-dynamics-plant-insect-interactions-defense-offence-0