@article {44009, title = {Large anion incorporation to improve the performance of large, paper based conducting polymer supercapacitors}, journal = {Materials Today Energy}, volume = {5}, year = {2017}, month = {SEP}, pages = {112-117}, type = {Journal Article}, abstract = {

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a stable conducting polymer, hence its dispersion is widely used in commercial devices. However, PEDOT{\textquoteright}s charge storage properties are not impressive. Thus, improvement in charge storage properties of PEDOT will render the possibility of fabricating stable energy storage devices such as supercapacitors. A fundamentally different approach is required to achieve this objective. We envisioned that the charge storage property of PEDOT can be improved by trapping large anions. These ions would facilitate better ion transport into the PEDOT matrix from the electrolyte and increase the efficiency of supercapacitors. Furthermore, a large anion such as triiodide is relatively immobile in the polymer matrix, hence we hypothesize the ions to be trapped in the polymer. To test this hypothesis, triiodide trapped PEDOT based supercapacitors are fabricated on paper substrates. A 1 cm2 triiodide incorporated PEDOT based supercapacitor exhibited a specific capacitance of 486 F/g. On the other hand, PEDOT without triiodide incorporation exhibited a specific capacitance of 221 F/g. Indeed, a device with an area of 32 cm2 exhibited a specific capacitance of 476 F/g.

}, keywords = {Flexible Supercapacitors, Paper based Supercapacitors, polyphenols}, doi = {10.1016/j.mtener.2017.06.004}, author = {Jain, B. and Krishnamoorthy, K.} } @article {46840, title = {Porphyrin-based conducting polymer hydrogel for supercapacitor application}, journal = {Energy Technology}, volume = {8}, year = {2020}, month = {JUN}, pages = {2000061}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

Herein, the electrochemical properties and energy storage capability of a flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitor based on the supramolecular assembly of polypyrrole (PPy) and the anion of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21H,23H-porphine manganese(III) chloride (MnTSPP) are reported. The electrode material consists of a conductive polymer hydrogel formed through the gelation initiated by cross-linking of the dopant MnTSPP anion in the PPy chains. The morphology of the cross-linked polymer hydrogel is that of a particle-decorated nanofiber, which can perform as a flexible supercapacitor electrode material with a specific capacitance of 300 Fg(-1) and capacitance retention of 78\% up to 10 000 cycles. The anion of MnTSPP plays a pivotal role in enhancing the charge storage capability by facilitating the electron transfer between the polymer interchains. In addition, the steric hindrance due to the large size of the dopant counter ions of MnTSPP reduces the counterion drain effect and structural pulverization of PPy, thereby improving the capacitive retention.

}, keywords = {conductive hydrogels, energy storage devices, Flexible Supercapacitors, nanofibers, porphyrin-based polymers}, issn = {2194-4288}, doi = {10.1002/ente.202000061}, author = {Das, Debasree and Kurungot, Sreekumar} } @article {50054, title = {Enhanced electrochemical performance of flexible polymer supercapacitors through optimization of organic acid-doping, carbon nanomaterials, and fabrication techniques}, journal = {Journal of Power Sources}, volume = {666}, year = {2026}, month = {FEB}, pages = {239042}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

The proliferation of portable and wearable electronics necessitates flexible, high-performance energy storage devices. Flexible supercapacitors are poised to meet these demands due to their high power density, flexibility, and durability but scalable fabrication remains challenging due to costly and complex manufacturing methods. This study addresses this issue by implementing scalable, cost-effective spray coating and screen printing techniques to fabricate flexible micro-interdigitated supercapacitors (FMIS) based on Polyaniline (PANI) composites with carbon nanomaterials, using organic acids as crosslinking agents synthesized via hydrogel strategy. The formation of PANI emeraldine salt was verified through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicating key amine and imine functionalities, while scanning electron microscopy revealed surface morphologies with enhanced active surface areas beneficial for charge storage. Advanced 3D tomography maps porosity distribution and surface area per unit volume, correlating with electroactive areas calculated from the Randles-Sevcik equation. Electrochemical testing via cyclic voltammetry demonstrates an impressive areal capacitance of 173.2 +/- 9.6 mF cm-2 at 10 mV s-1 with Dunn{\textquoteright}s method distinguishing capacitive from diffusive contributions. Furthermore, EIS measurements highlight lower solution resistance in screen-printed devices, emphasizing the advantages of optimized electrode morphology for efficient charge transport. This study establishes a scalable approach for high-performance flexible supercapacitors, paving the way for next-generation energy storage solutions.

}, keywords = {Carbon nanomaterials, Coating techniques, Flexible Supercapacitors, PANI composites, X-ray micro-tomography}, issn = {0378-7753}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239042}, author = {Parul and Lakshmi, Racherla Bhagya and Utturkar, Vivek and Natu, Varun and Aramanda, Shanmukha Kiran and Ramamurthy, Praveen C. and Kaka, Fiyanshu} }