@article { ISI:000373492800012,
	title = {Synthesis and properties of poly(arylene ether)s based on 3-pentadecyl 4,4{\textquoteright}-biphenol},
	journal = {Polymer International},
	volume = {65},
	number = {5},
	year = {2016},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {567-576},
	publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
	address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA},
	abstract = {<p>A new biphenol, 3-pentadecyl 4,4-biphenol, was synthesized starting from 3-pentadecylphenol and was polycondensed with 4,4-difluorobenzophenone, 1,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene and bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone to obtain poly(arylene ether)s with biphenylene linkages in the backbone and pendent pentadecyl chains. Inherent viscosities and number-average molecular weights (M-n) of the poly(arylene ether)s were in the range 0.50 - 0.81 dL g(-1) and 2.2 x 10(4) - 8.3 x 10(4), respectively. Detailed NMR spectroscopic studies of the poly(arylene ether)s indicated the presence of constitutional isomerism which existed because of the non-symmetrical structure of 3-pentadecyl 4,4-biphenol. The poly(arylene ether)s readily dissolved in common organic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran and could be cast into tough, transparent and flexible films from their chloroform solutions. The poly(arylene ether)s exhibited T-g values in the range 35-60 degrees C which are lower than that of reference poly(arylene ether)s without pentadecyl chains. The 10\% decomposition temperatures (T-10) of the poly(arylene ether)s were in the range 410-455 degrees C indicating their good thermal stability. A gas permeation study of poly(ether sulfone) containing pendent pentadecyl chains revealed a moderate increase in permeability for helium, hydrogen and oxygen. However, there was a large increase in permeability for carbon dioxide which could be attributed to the internal plasticization effect of pendent pentadecyl chains. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry</p>},
	keywords = {cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), gas permeation study, pentadecyl, poly(arylene ether)s, thermal stability},
	issn = {0959-8103},
	doi = {10.1002/pi.5095},
	author = {Tawade, Bhausaheb V. and Shaligram, Sayali V. and Valsange, Nitin G. and Kharul, Ulhas K. and Wadgaonkar, Prakash P.}
}
@article {47795,
	title = {Cardol: Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) - derived starting material for the preparation of partially bio-based epoxy resins},
	journal = {European Polymer Journal},
	volume = {166},
	year = {2022},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {111029},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Cardol is one of the interesting constituents of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) - a by-product of cashew processing industry- and it amounts to 15{\textendash}20\% by weight in natural CNSL. Chemically, cardol is a 15-carbon chain-substituted resorcinol wherein the side chain predominately contains mixture of one, two and three double bonds. Cardol on reaction with epichlorohydrin in the presence of sodium hydroxide afforded diglycidyl ether of cardol (DGEC). DGEC is a viscous free-flowing liquid (bulk viscosity 70 cP at 25~{\textdegree}C) and thus offers advantages in terms of ease of processing. DGEC and various compositions of DGEC with commercially available diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) were cured with two amine hardeners, namely, isophorone diamine (IPDA) and diethylene triamine (DETA). The effects of different ratios of amine/epoxy (nah/ne) on cure characteristics were studied. The epoxy thermosets were characterized by DSC, TGA, DMA and tensile testing. DSC analysis showed glass transition temperature (Tg) values in the range 63{\textendash}155~{\textdegree}C for IPDA-cured thermosets, while DETA-cured thermosets exhibited Tg values in the range 45{\textendash}145~{\textdegree}C. Td5\% values, determined by TG analysis of epoxy thermosets, were in the range 347{\textendash}359~{\textdegree}C indicating their reasonably good thermal stability. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed storage modulus (E{\textquoteright}) in the range 0.75{\textendash}2.54 GPa and 0.51{\textendash}2.24 GPa for IPDA-cured and DETA-cured thermosets, respectively. The E{\textquoteright} value of epoxy thermosets was found to decrease with increase in molar proportion of DGEC in the formulations with DGEBA while elongation at break was found to increase from 3.1\% to 9.7\% and 2.8\% to 5.1\% for IPDA- and DETA-cured systems, respectively. SEM images of cryogenically fractured surfaces of cured thermosets based on studied compositions of DGEBA and DGEC did not indicate any phase separation implying homogeneous mixing of both the epoxy resins.},
	keywords = {bio-based, Cardol, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), Epoxy resins, Storage modulus},
	issn = {0014-3057},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111029},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014305722000337},
	author = {Ketan Makwana and Amol B. Ichake and Vinayak Valodkar and G. Padmanaban and Manohar V. Badiger and Prakash P. Wadgaonkar}
}
