@article { ISI:000227016500007,
	title = {In situ XPS investigations of Cu1-xNixZnAl-mixed metal oxide catalysts used in the oxidative steam reforming of bio-ethanol},
	journal = {Applied Catalysis B - Environmental},
	volume = {55},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {287-299},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	type = {Article},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>A series of CuNiZnAl-multicomponent mixed metal oxide catalysts with various Cu/Ni ratios were prepared by the thermal decomposition of Cu1-xNixZnAl-hydrotalcite-like precursors and tested for oxidative steam reforming of bio-ethanol. Dehydrogenation of EtOH to CH3CHO is favored by Cu-rich catalyst. Introduction of Ni leads to C-C bond rupture and producing CO, CO2 and CH4. H-2 yield (selectivity) varied between 2.6-3.0 mol/mol of ethanol converted (50-55\%) for all catalysts at 300 degreesC. The above catalysts were subjected to in situ XPS studies to understand the nature of active species involved in the catalytic reaction. Core level and valence band XPS as well as Auger electron spectroscopy revealed the existence of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ ions on calcined materials. Upon in situ reduction at reactions temperatures, the Cu2+ was fully reduced to Cu-0. while Ni2+ and Zn2+ were partially reduced to Ni-0 and Zn-0, respectively. On reduction, the nature of ZnO on Cu-rich catalyst changes from crystalline to amorphous, relatively inert and highly stabilized electronically. Relative concentration of the Ni-0 and Zn-0 increases upon reduction with decreasing Cu-content. Valence band results demonstrated that the overlap between 3d bands of Cu and Ni was marginal on calcined materials, and no overlap due to metallic clusters formation after reduction. Nonetheless, the density of states at Fermi level increases dramatically for Ni-rich catalysts and likely this influences the product selectivity. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {auger electron spectroscopy, Autothermal reforming, Bio-ethanol, copper oxide, fuel cell, Hydrogen, hydrotalcite, mixed metal oxides, nickel oxide, oxidative steam reforming, Steam reforming, XPS},
	issn = {0926-3373},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.09.007},
	author = {Velu, S. and Suzuki, K. and Vijayaraj, M. and Barman, S. and Gopinath, Chinnakonda S.}
}
@article { ISI:000233067000013,
	title = {Preparation and characterization of a copper based Indian traditional drug: tamra bhasma},
	journal = {Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis},
	volume = {39},
	number = {5},
	year = {2005},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {951-955},
	publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	type = {Article},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>The copper based Indian traditional drug {\textquoteleft}tamra bhasma{\textquoteright} is administered for various ailments since long. Its synthesis involves treating metallic copper with plant juices and then repeated calcination in presence of air so that the metallic state is transformed into the corresponding oxide form traditionally known as {\textquoteleft}bhasma{\textquoteright}. In this work, we present a systematic characterization of this traditional drug using various techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetry (TG) and surface area measurement. The results obtained were found to match very well with those of a standard copper oxide confirming the composition of the drug sample. In addition, some specific findings were also made which could help in interpreting the therapeutic properties of the traditional drug {\textquoteleft}tamra bhasma{\textquoteright}. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {copper oxide, crystallite size, tamra bhasma, traditional medicine, XPS of copper oxide, XRD},
	issn = {0731-7085},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.015},
	author = {Wadekar, M. P. and Rode, C. V. and Bendale, Y. N. and Patil, K. R. and Prabhune, Asmita}
}
