@article { ISI:000264925400047,
	title = {Novel electroless process for copper coating of flyash using titania/ultraviolet-radiation/metal catalyst-system},
	journal = {Applied Surface Science},
	volume = {255},
	number = {13-14},
	year = {2009},
	month = {APR},
	pages = {6696-6704},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>A novel electroless process has been demonstrated in this investigation to coat the surface of flyash particles with a conducting metal such as copper. The conventional electroless process has been modified for this purpose by replacing the tin-palladium catalyst-system with the titania/ultraviolet-radiation/metal catalyst-system, where the metal is either copper or silver as demonstrated here. The mechanism of copper coating of flyash particles in an electroless bath, using the novel methods of surface-sensitization and surface-activation, has been systematically studied by monitoring changes in the surface-morphology, surface-chemistry, and surface-structure of flyash particles using the scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and X-ray diffraction. It has been revealed that the novel electroless method involves coating the flyash particles with titania photocatalyst via sol-gel, which acts as a surface-sensitizer under the ultraviolet-radiation exposure for the subsequent surface-activation with the copper- or silver-clusters. The latter in turn acts as surface-catalyst for the subsequent Cu-coating in an electroless bath. The proposed mechanism of surface-sensitization and surface-activation of flyash particles using the novel catalyst-system has been compared with that using the conventional catalyst-system. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Copper, Electroless, Flyash, Photocatalysis, sol-gel, titania},
	issn = {0169-4332},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.02.066},
	author = {Shijitha, T. and Baiju, K. V. and Shukla, S. and Patil, K. and Warrier, K. G. K.}
}
@article { ISI:000267531100032,
	title = {Transesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyash-based solid catalysts},
	journal = {Fuel},
	volume = {88},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {1773-1778},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCI LTD},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>Flyash-based base catalyst was used in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to methyl esters in a heterogeneous manner. Catalyst preparation variables such as, the KNO(3) loading amount and calcination temperature were optimized. The catalysts were characterized by powder XRD. The catalyst prepared by loading of 5 wt.\% KNO(3) on flyash followed by its calcination at 773 K has exhibited maximum oil conversion (87.5 wt.\%). The influence of various reaction parameters such as \% catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time, temperature, reusability of the catalyst on the catalytic activity was investigated. K(2)O derived from KNO(3) might be an essential component in the catalyst for its efficiency. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Flyash, heterogeneous catalyst, Methyl ester, Sunflower oil, transesterification},
	issn = {0016-2361},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2009.04.004},
	author = {Kotwal, M. S. and Niphadkar, P. S. and Deshpande, Suvarna S. and Bokade, Vijay V. and Joshi, P. N.}
}
