@article { ISI:000232612200002, title = {Novel tridentate nitrogen donor as ligand in copper catalyzed ATRP of methyl methacrylate}, journal = {Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry}, volume = {43}, number = {21}, year = {2005}, month = {NOV}, pages = {4996-5008}, publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL}, type = {Article}, address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}, abstract = {

A tridentate ligand, BPIEP: 2,6-bis[1-(2,6-diisopropyl phenylimino) ethyl] pyridine, having central pyridine unit and two peripheral imine coordination sites was effectively employed in controlled/{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}living{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} radical polymerization of MXU at 90 degrees C in toluene as solvent, (CuBr)-Br-I as catalyst, and ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as initiator resulting in well-defined polymers with polydispersities M-W/M-n \<= 1.23. The rate of polymerization follows first-order kinetics, k(app) = 3.4 x 10(-5) s(-1), indicating the presence of low radical concentration ([P*] \<= 10(-8)) throughout the reaction. The polymerization rate attains a maximum at a ligand-to-metal ratio of 2:1 in toluene at 90 degrees C. The solvent concentration (v/v, with respect to monomer) has a significant effect on the polymerization kinetics. The polymerization is faster in polar solvents like, diphenylether, and anisole, as compared to toluene. Increasing the monomer concentration in toluene resulted in a better control of polymerization. The molecular weights (M-n,M-SEC) increased linearly with conversion and were found to be higher than predicted molecular (M-n,M-Cal). However, the polydispersity remained narrow, i.e., \<= 1.23. The initiator efficiency at lower monomer concentration approaches a value of 0.7 in 110 min as compared to 0.5 in 330 min at higher monomer concentration. The aging of the copper salt complexed. with BPIEP had a beneficial effect and resulted in polymers with narrow polydispersitities and higher conversion. PMMA obtained at room temperature in toluene (33\%, v/v) gave PDI of 1.22 (Mn = 8500) in 48 h whereas, at 50 degrees C the PDI is 1.18 (Ma = 10,300), which is achieved in 23 h. The plot of In kapp versus 1/T gave an apparent activation energy of polymerization as (Delta E-app(not equal)) 58.29 KJ/mol and enthalpy of equilibrium (Delta H-eq(0)) to 28.8 KJ/mol. Reverse ATRP of MMA was successfully performed using AIBN in bulk as well as solution. The controlled nature of the polymerization reaction was established through kinetic studies and chain extension experiments. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

}, keywords = {2, 6-bis [1-(2, 6-diisopropyl phenylimino) ethyl] pyridine (BPIEP), Activation energy, apparent rate constant, Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), diphenylether, ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB), methyl methacrylate, polydispersity index (PDI), Toluene}, issn = {0887-624X}, doi = {10.1002/pola.20973}, author = {Mittal, A. and Sivaram, S.} } @article { ISI:000245350600013, title = {Butylation of toluene: influence of zeolite structure and acidity on 4-tert-butyltoluene selectivity}, journal = {Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-Chemical}, volume = {265}, number = {1-2}, year = {2007}, month = {MAR}, pages = {109-116}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, type = {Article}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Vapour phase alkylation of toluene with tert-butyl alcohol was studied over the large pore zeolites H beta, HY and HMCM-22. The influence of the acidity, reaction temperature, run duration, feed rate (WHSV) and molar ratio of the reactants on conversion of toluene and selectivity for 4-tertbutyl toluene was studied. Among the isomers formed during the reaction, the para-isomer was the predominant one, followed by the meta-isomer, while no ortho-isomer was found in the products due to steric factors. 4-tert-Butyl toluene selectivity decreases at higher temperatures, while going through a maximum in the 413-433 K temperature range. Zeolite HY with a high silica to alumina ratio (SiO2/Al2O3 = 80), that has strong acidity, but lower acid site density, possesses high activity for toluene conversion, high alkylation selectivity and also high para-selectivity. The improved para-selectivity of high silica HY zeolite is attributed to the low isomerization activity that results in the suppression of the secondary isomerization of 4-tert-butyl toluene. Both alkylation and selectivity are higher with feed mixtures containing a lower fraction of tert-butyl alcohol. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {4-t-butyltoluene, Acidity, butylation, large pore zeolites, Toluene}, issn = {1381-1169}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcata.2006.09.046}, author = {Pai, Shivanand and Gupta, Upendranath and Chilukuri, Satyanarayana V.} } @article { ISI:000270790500006, title = {Entrainer for batch distillation of acetic acid -water system}, journal = {Journal of Scientific \& Industrial Research}, volume = {68}, number = {10}, year = {2009}, month = {OCT}, pages = {871-875}, publisher = {NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION}, address = {DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA}, abstract = {

Acetic acid-water system (AW) poses a challenge in reactive distillation, acetic acid purity and loss of acetic acid in aqueous solutions. Feasible separation of AW has been studied using entrainers but acetic acid loss in lean phase cannot be avoided. This study presents feasible region to operate column with toluene and benzene as entrainer for AW. Liquid-liquid equilibrium data and nature of tie line for ethyl acetate are given priority.

}, keywords = {Acetic acid, Batch distillation, Benzene, Entrainer, Toluene}, issn = {0022-4456}, author = {Gadekar, S. V. and Naik, R. V. and Kaul, S. N.} } @article {48991, title = {Liquid-liquid equilibria of ternary mixtures containing Aniline plus Toluene plus water at elevated temperatures: measurements and correlation}, journal = {Separation Science and Technology }, volume = {58}, year = {2023}, month = {NOV }, pages = {2718-2725}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary system, Aniline + Toluene + Water, was measured at different temperatures of 298.15 K, 313.15 K and 323.15 K under atmospheric pressure with the help of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis and Karl-Fischer technique. The efficiency of Toluene to extract Aniline from aqueous phase was then quantified in terms of the distribution coefficient and separation factor based on the tie line data. The system showed very good separation ability quantified in terms of high values of distribution factor (average around 7) and separation factors (as high as 1000). The experimental tie line data was verified by Hand and Othmer-Tobias equations. The LLE data was also correlated using NRTL and UNIQUAC models and both of them were able to represent the behavior of the system accurately when tested against experimental results. Toluene has been demonstrated to be very efficient to extract Aniline from reaction mixture, which is typically a by-product in hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, a process commercially used to produce p-Aminophenol in industry.

}, keywords = {Aniline, LLE, NRTL, Tie line, Toluene, UNIQUAC}, issn = {0149-6395}, doi = {10.1080/01496395.2023.2232104}, author = {Gaikwad, Shashank G. and Pathak, Abhishek A. and Mote, Dhananjay R. and Gogate, Parag R. and Singh, Shivani and Modhera, Bharat} }