@article { ISI:000279333000002,
	title = {Structure-activity studies of dodecatungstophosphoric acid impregnated bentonite clay catalyst in hydroxyalkylation of p-cresol},
	journal = {Catalysis Communications},
	volume = {11},
	number = {11},
	year = {2010},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {942-945},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Bentonite clay impregnated with dodecatungstophosphoric acid (20\% DTP/BNT) showed an excellent activity, selectivity and stability [95\% product yield with 94\% selectivity to 2, 2{\textquoteright}-methylenebis (4-methylphenol), DAM] for the hydroxyalkylation of p-cresol with formaldehyde at 353 K and for a mole ratio of 5. Ammonia-TPD results showed that an increase in total concentration of acid sites from 4.9 of parent bentonite to 11.6 micromoles per surface area NH(3) (mu molS(-1) NH(3)) of 20\% DTP/BNT was due to a strong interaction of protons of bulk DTP with surface hydroxyl groups of BNT as evidenced by (31)P NMR studies. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {(31)P CPMAS NMR, Bentonite, Hydroxyalkylation, p-Cresol, surface modification},
	issn = {1566-7367},
	doi = {10.1016/j.catcom.2010.04.008},
	author = {Garade, Ajit C. and Kshirsagar, V. S. and Jha, Ajay and Rode, C. V.}
}
@article {47813,
	title = {Na-montmorillonite to Fe(II)-Mt using ferrous citrate/ascorbate obtained by dissolving iron powder},
	journal = {Applied Clay Science},
	volume = {217},
	year = {2022},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {106396},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Bentonite containing montmorillonite (Mt) as the major clay mineral is the potential buffer material of engineered barrier system in the deep geological repository for high-level waste management. The corrosion products of canister/or overpack material (carbon steel) may alter the basic characteristics of bentonite through Fe/clay interaction and formation of FeMt to certain extent. A convenient method is required for quantitative preparation of Fe(II)-Mt because the only few direct methods reported have some limitations. For this, weak ferrous complexes having good solubility to facilitate the cation-exchange with bentonite is essential. Therefore, Fe(II)-citrate, Fe(II)-ascorbate and Fe(II)-citrate/ascorbate were obtained here by dissolving the iron powder (Fe0) in citric acid (CA), ascorbic acid (AA) and their equimolar mixtures from 25~mM to 300~mM at 70~{\textdegree}C under N2 atmosphere. The redox potential was measured to monitor the dissolution of Fe0 in these mild organic acids. Higher dissolution of Fe0 occurred in CA~+~AA mixture. The dissolved iron in the form of ferrous complex was reasonably stable in inert atmosphere, Fe2+/Fetotal~≈~1. The parent clay mineral (bentonite, NaMt) was treated with Fe(II)~-~cit/asc to form Fe(II)~-~Mt. through cation exchange process. The CEC and ferrous to ferric ratio of the Fe(II)-Mt was close to the stoichiometric amount. The XRF, XRD, ac impedance, FT-IR, TGA/DSC, XPS and FE-SEM are used for further characterization. In-situ complexation reaction of interlayer Fe2+ ions in Fe(II)-Mt with o-phenanthroline was also observed.},
	keywords = {Ascorbic acid, Bentonite, Citric acid, Cr(VI) reduction, Fe(II)-montmorillonite, Iron dissolution},
	issn = {0169-1317},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clay.2021.106396},
	author = {S. Chikkamath and J. Manjanna and N. Momin and B.G. Hegde and G.P. Nayaka and Aishwarya S. Kar and B.S. Tomar}
}
@article {48271,
	title = {Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to gamma-valerolactone over nickel supported organoclay catalyst},
	journal = {Catalysis Today},
	volume = {408},
	year = {2023},
	month = {JAN },
	pages = {36-49},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	In this work, a series of Ni/Organoclay catalysts with different Nickel loadings were prepared by the wetimpregnation method for the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to gamma-valerolactone (GVL). Reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, pressure, solvent effect, and wt\% of catalyst were optimized to get excellent conversion of levulinic acid selectively to gamma-valerolactone. Ni/Organoclay with 30\% Nickel loading exhibited 100\% conversion of LA with 100\% selectivity towards GVL at 140 degrees C and 3.0 MPa H2 pressure using 1,4-dioxane as a solvent in 5 h. Different bulk and surface characterization techniques such as XRD, BET, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, XPS, XRF, NH3-TPD, and H2-Chemisorption were used to characterize the Ni/Organoclay catalyst. BET and NH3-TPD analysis showed that the pre-treatment of bentonite with surfactant (CTAB) improved the pore volume, surface area, and acidity of Organoclay which assisted in improving the conversion and selectivity of LA and GVL respectively.</p>
},
	keywords = {?-Valerolactone (GVL), Bentonite, Hydrogenation, Levulinic acid (LA), Nickel, organoclay},
	issn = {0920-5861},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cattod.2022.10.004},
	author = {Kamble, Paresh A. and Vinod, C. P. and Rathod, Virendra K. and Kantam, Mannepalli Lakshmi}
}
