@article { ISI:000233684200006,
	title = {Higher accumulation of proteinase inhibitors in flowers than leaves and fruits as a possible basis for differential feeding preference of Helicoverpa armigera on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, Cv. Dhanashree)},
	journal = {Phytochemistry},
	volume = {66},
	number = {22},
	year = {2005},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {2659-2667},
	publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	type = {Article},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill; cultivar- Dhanashree) proteinase inhibitors (Pis) were tested for their trypsin inhibitory (TT) and Helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases inhibitory (HGPI) activity in different organs of the tomato plants. Analysis of TI and HGPI distribution in various parts of the plant showed that flowers accumulated about 300 and 1000 times higher levels of TI while 700 and 400 times higher levels of HGPI as compared to those in leaves and fruits, respectively. Field observation that H. armigera larvae infest leaves and fruits but not the flowers could be at least partially attributed to the protective role-played by the higher levels of Pis in the flower tissue. Tomato Pis inhibited about 50-80\% HGP activity of H. armigera larvae feeding on various host plants including tomato, of larvae exposed to non-host plant Pis and of various larval instars. Tomato Pis were found to be highly stable to insect proteinases wherein incubation of inhibitor with HGP even for 3 h at optimum conditions did not affect inhibitory activity. Bioassay using H. armigera larvae fed on artificial diet containing tomato PIs revealed adverse effect on larval growth, pupae development, adult formation and fecundity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {accumulation of PI, Helicoverpa armigera, Lycopersicon esculentum, Midgut proteinases, Plant defense, Proteinase inhibitors},
	issn = {0031-9422},
	doi = {10.1016/j.phystochem.2005.09.006},
	author = {Damle, M. S. and Giri, Ashok P. and Sainani, Mohini N. and Gupta, Vidya S.}
}
@article { ISI:000319229900002,
	title = {Compensatory proteolytic responses to dietary proteinase inhibitors from Albizia lebbeck seeds in the helicoverpa armigera larvae},
	journal = {Arthropod-Plant Interactions},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {259-266},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Plant proteinase inhibitors (PIs) have been shown to reduce the growth rates in larvae of numerous insect species. On the other hand, insects can also regulate their proteinases against plant PIs. In the present study, we report the compensatory activities of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) gut proteinases against the PIs of Albizia lebbeck seeds. Total of ten proteinase inhibitor bands were detected in the seed extract of A. lebbeck. Bioassays were conducted by feeding H. armigera larvae on diet containing partially purified PIs from A. lebbeck seeds. Results show that larval growth and survival was significantly reduced by A. lebbeck PIs. We found that higher activity H. armigera gut proteinase (HGP) isoforms observed in the midgut of control larvae were inhibited in the midgut of larvae fed on test diet. Some HGP isoforms were induced in the larvae fed on PI containing test diet; however, these isoforms showed lower activity in the larvae fed on control diet. Aminopeptidase activities were significantly increased in the midgut of larvae fed on test diet. A population of susceptible and resistant enzymes was observed in the midgut of H. armigera, when fed on diet containing PIs from A. lebbeck seeds. Our initial observations indicate that H. armigera can regulate its digestive proteinase activity against non-host plant PIs, too. It is important to study the exact biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in order to develop PI-based insect control strategies.</p>},
	keywords = {Albizia lebbeck, Helicoverpa armigera, Midgut proteinases, Proteinase inhibitors, regulation},
	issn = {1872-8855},
	doi = {10.1007/s11829-012-9240-1},
	author = {Hivrale, Vandana K. and Lomate, Purushottam R. and Basaiyye, Shriniwas S. and Kalve, Neeta D.}
}
