@article { ISI:000230531100013, title = {Poly(acrylonitrile) ultrafiltration membranes. I. polymer-salt-solvent interactions}, journal = {Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics}, volume = {43}, number = {15}, year = {2005}, month = {AUG}, pages = {2061-2073}, publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS INC}, type = {Article}, address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA}, abstract = {

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the interactions among LiCl, ZnCl2, and AlCl3 with NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) and poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN). It was observed that all three salts complex with DMF as well as PAN. The strength of the cation interaction with the \> C=O oxygen of DMF was found to be higher than that with the -CN group of PAN. The \> C=O stretching frequency of DMF with ZnCl2 was red shifted, indicating stronger complex formation compared with other two cations. With the addition of salt, the salt-DMF pseudo solvent was found to become a 0 solvent for PAN compared with neat DMF. This change in PAN solvation power was primarily the result of DMF-salt complexation. As a result of the complexation, Mark-Houwink constant a, was found to reduce from 0.75 (for pure DMF) to similar to 0.6 for DMF-salt solvents, indicating decreased PAN chain expansion. Comparison of intrinsic viscosity [n] values indicated that addition of salts to PAN-DMF solutions resulted in: (i) decrease in the DMF solvation. power, which causes less expanded polymer coils, and (ii) increased interpolymer chain entanglements via salt-promoted chain association. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

}, keywords = {activation energy viscosity, Additives, FT-IR, Poly(acrylonitrile), solution properties}, issn = {0887-6266}, doi = {10.1002/polb.20493}, author = {Phadke, M. A. and Musale, D. A. and Kulkarni, Sudhir S. and Karode, Sandeep K.} } @article { ISI:000269287200036, title = {Polymer crystallization in the presence of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}sticky{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} additives}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics}, volume = {131}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, month = {AUG}, pages = {074905}, publisher = {AMER INST PHYSICS}, address = {CIRCULATION \& FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA}, abstract = {

The effect of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}sticky{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} additives (viz., those that have attractive interactions with the polymer) on polymer crystallization, has been investigated by dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) simulations. Additive-polymer attractive interactions result in a slowing down of the polymer chain diffusivity in the melt state. Our results show that with increasing additive stickiness, polymer crystallinity decreases monotonically, and thinner crystallites form, viz., crystallization is inhibited by the presence of sticky additives. Unusually, the observed {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}specific heat{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} peak at the phase transition shows nonmonotonic behavior with additive stickiness, and exhibits a maximum for intermediate values of additive stickiness. While the origins of this unexpected behavior are not clear, we show that it correlates with a large interchange between crystalline and amorphous states of the monomers, in the vicinity of the additives. At this intermediate additive stickiness, we also find that crystallization follows a qualitatively different route-crystallinity shows a non-Avrami-like evolution, unlike the case at low or high additive stickiness.

}, keywords = {Additives, amorphous state, crystallisation, crystallites, Diffusion, Monte Carlo methods, polymer melts}, issn = {0021-9606}, doi = {10.1063/1.3174449}, author = {Dasmahapatra, Ashok Kumar and Nanavati, Hemant and Kumaraswamy, Guruswamy} } @article { ISI:000278307300038, title = {Effect of additives on the co-electrodeposition of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder composition}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering B-Advanced Functional Solid-State Materials}, volume = {168}, number = {1-3, SI}, year = {2010}, note = {Conference on Specialty Advanced Materials and Polymers for Aerospace and Defense and Applications (SAMPADA-2008), Mat Res Soc Singapore, Singapore, SINGAPORE, JUL 03-08, 2005}, month = {APR}, pages = {219-223}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

We have developed a methane sulfonic acid (MSA) based ternary electrodeposition bath for the deposition of near eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu films aimed at solder bumping applications in electronics. The bath contains thiourea as chelating agent and iso-octyl phenoxy ethanol (OPPE) as surfactant. We added gelatin to this bath and studied its effect on bath stability, microstructure of the deposited films and the film composition. It is found that the bath containing both the additives, viz. OPPE and gelatin, show improved stability up to 8-10 days. Striking improvement in the film microstructure, in terms of the compactness, uniformity and refinement of grains was found when the bath contained these additives. Detailed electrochemical studies with the help of cyclic voltametry and impedance analysis helped in understanding the role played by these additives during deposition. It is confirmed that there is a formation of loosely connected, highly non-uniform passivating film on the cathode surface, which is removed competitively by the depositing metal ions during the deposition. It is also clear that the additives play a role in the formation of such a passivating film. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Additives, Lead-free solders, Sn-Ag-Cu, Solder bumping, Ternary bath}, issn = {0921-5107}, doi = {10.1016/j.mseb.2010.01.017}, author = {Joseph, Shany and Phatak, Girish J.} } @article { ISI:000327155500005, title = {Role of additives in chiral amine-catalyzed direct aldol reaction}, journal = {Synthetic Communications}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, year = {2014}, month = {FEB}, pages = {352-360}, publisher = {TAYLOR \& FRANCIS INC}, address = {325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA}, abstract = {

A systematic study of chiral adducts derived from amines as catalysts for aldol reaction revealed that enantioselective outcome depends on the chiral enamine intermediate and not the face-selective activation of aldehyde. A simple addition compound of proline and 8-hydroxy quinoline was found to be a good catalyst. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher{\textquoteright}s online edition of Synthetic Communications (R) for the following free supplemental resource(s): Full experimental and spectral details.]

}, keywords = {Additives, Aldol reaction, chiral amines, organocatalyst, pyrrolidine-catalyzed}, issn = {0039-7911}, doi = {10.1080/00397911.2013.805231}, author = {Sutar, R. L. and Joshi, Navalkishore N.} }