@article { ISI:000334895800008,
	title = {Value addition to lignocellulosics and biomass-derived sugars: an insight into solid acid-based catalytic methods},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Sciences},
	volume = {126},
	number = {2, SI},
	year = {2014},
	note = {21st National Symposium on Catalysis (CATSYMP), CSIR Indian Inst Chem Technol, Hyderabad, INDIA, FEB 11-13, 2013},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {373-385},
	publisher = {Catalysis Soc India},
	type = {Article, Proceedings Paper},
	address = {C V RAMAN AVENUE, SADASHIVANAGAR, P B \#8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA},
	abstract = {<p>For the synthesis of important platform chemicals such as sugars (xylose and arabinose) and furans (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)) from carbohydrates (hemicellulose and fructose) solid acid catalysts are employed. Similarly, over solid acid catalysts, conversion of lignin into aromatic monomers is performed. It is observed that in the dehydration of fructose, because of higher hydrothermal stability, silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) catalysts give better activity (78\% HMF yield) compared with other solid acid catalysts (\&lt;63\% HMF yield) at 175 degrees C. Particularly, SAPO-44 catalyst can be reused at least 5 times with marginal decrease in the activity. Zeolite, BUSY (Si/Al = 15) is active in the conversion of isolated (pure) hemicellulose to produce 41\% C-5 sugars in water. The catalyst is also active in the selective conversion of hemicellulose from bagasse to yield 59\% C-5 sugars. It is possible to obtain high yields of furfural (54\%) directly from bagasse if instead of water, Water+toluene solvent system is used. Depolymerization of lignin using HUSY catalyst produced aromatic monomers with 60\% yield at 250 degrees C. A detailed catalyst characterization study is performed to understand the correlation between catalyst activity and morphology. To understand the effect of impurities present in the substrate over solid acid catalysts, metal-exchange study is carried out.</p>},
	keywords = {aromatic monomers, Biomass, furans, Hemicellulose, lignin, solid acid catalyst},
	issn = {0974-3626},
	author = {Bhaumik, Prasenjit and Deepa, Ayillath K. and Kane, Tanushree and Dhepe, Paresh Laxmikant}
}
@article { ISI:000347513400044,
	title = {Lignin depolymerization into aromatic monomers over solid acid catalysts},
	journal = {ACS Catalysis},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {365-379},
	publisher = {AMER CHEMICAL SOC},
	address = {1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA},
	abstract = {<p>It is imperative to develop an efficient and environmentally benign pathway to valorize profusely available lignin, a component of nonedible lignocellulosic materials, into value-added aromatic monomers, which can be used as fuel additives and platform chemicals. To convert lignin, earlier studies used mineral bases (NaOH, CsOH) or supported metal catalysts (Pt, Ru, Pd, Ni on C, SiO2, Al2O3, etc.) under a hydrogen atmosphere, but these methods face several drawbacks such as corrosion, difficulty in catalyst recovery, sintering of metals, loss of activity, etc. Here we show that under an inert atmosphere various solid acid catalysts can efficiently convert six different types of lignins into value-added aromatic monomers. In particular, the SiO2Al2O3 catalyst gave exceptionally high yields of ca. 60\% for organic solvent soluble extracted products with 95 +/- 10\% mass balance in the depolymerization of dealkaline lignin, bagasse lignin, and ORG and EORG lignins at 250 degrees C within 30 min. GC, GC-MS, HPLC, LC-MS, and GPC analysis of organic solvent soluble extracted products confirmed the formation of aromatic monomers with ca. 90\% selectivity. In the products, confirmation of retention of aromatic nature as present in lignin and the appearance of several functional groups has been carried out by FT-IR and H-1 and C-13 NMR studies. Further, isolation of major products by column chromatography was carried out to obtain aromatic monomers in pure form and their characterization by NMR is presented. A detailed characterization of six different types of lignins obtained from various sources helped in substantiating the catalytic results obtained in these reactions. A meticulous study on fresh and spent catalysts revealed that the amorphous catalysts are preferred to obtain reproducible catalytic results.</p>},
	keywords = {aromatic monomers, Biomass, column chromatography, depolymerization, lignin, solid acid catalysts},
	issn = {2155-5435},
	doi = {10.1021/cs501371q},
	author = {Deepa, Ayillath K. and Dhepe, Paresh Laxmikant}
}
@article {47679,
	title = {Upgrading lignin derived monomers over basic supported metal catalysts},
	journal = {Fuel},
	volume = {306},
	year = {2021},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {121588},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Catalytic upgradation of aromatic monomers derived from lignin depolymerization is of high interest for the production of sustainable fuels and chemicals. Basic support has potential to provide advantages of better substrate-support interaction and reduced coke formation. Hence, we report the effect of various basic supports for metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ru) on the upgradation of phenol, guaiacol and eugenol. The complete hydrogenation product is achieved due to the strong interaction of the substrate with catalyst. Phenol is converted (55\%) into cyclohexanol (49\% yield) with low loading of Pt catalyst (1 wt\%), supported by the higher TON of 1 wt\% Pt/NaX (TON = 14844) than 3 wt\% Pt/NaX (TON = 5128). Effect of basic support with moderate (NaX) and strong (CHT) basic strengths are corelated for the higher cyclohexanone formation. Presence of strong basic sites and higher TON of 3 wt\% C-HT (TON = 6806) directs the significant substrate-support interaction. Catalytic activity and recyclability are supported by the comparable performance of recycle runs and characterizations of the fresh and spent catalysts.},
	keywords = {aromatic monomers, Hydrogenation, lignin, Solid bases, supported metal catalyst, Upgradation},
	issn = {0016-2361},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121588},
	author = {Chaudhary, Richa and Dhepe, Paresh L.}
}
