@article { ISI:000287281900003,
	title = {Esterification of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate over heteropolyacid supported on acid-treated clay},
	journal = {Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {18-24},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Levulinic acid has been identified as a promising green, biomass-derived platform chemical. n-Butyl levulinate is used as an important intermediate having diverse applications. The present work focuses on the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic acid with n-butanol using heteropolyacid (HPA) supported on acid-treated clay montmorillonite (K10). 20\% (w/w) dodecatungestophosphoric acid (DTPA) supported on K10 was found to be the most efficient catalyst with 97\% levulinic acid conversion and 100\% selectivity towards n-butyl levulinate. Effects of various process parameters were studied to examine the efficacy of 20\% (w/w) DTPA/K10 for optimization of the activity.</p>},
	keywords = {dodectungestophosphoric acid, K10, levulinic acid, n-butanol, n-Butyl levulinate},
	issn = {1003-9953},
	doi = {10.1016/S1003-9953(10)60147-8},
	author = {Dharne, S. and Bokade, Vijay V.}
}
@article { ISI:000348924600005,
	title = {Esterification of renewable levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate over modified H-ZSM-5},
	journal = {Chemical Engineering \& Technology},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {246-252},
	publisher = {WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH},
	address = {BOSCHSTRASSE 12, D-69469 WEINHEIM, GERMANY},
	abstract = {<p>The synthesis of n-butyl levulinate, one of the most important biodiesel additives, by catalytic esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) with n-butanol over modified H-ZSM-5 (micro/meso-HZ-5) in a closed-batch system is reported for the first time. The optimization of the reaction conditions such as the reactant molar ratio, the catalyst loading, the reaction time and the temperature was performed in view to maximize the yield of n-butyl levulinate. Micro/meso-HZ-5 was found to be the most efficient catalyst, with 98\% yield of n-butyl levulinate and a reusability for six cycles, which is higher than reported in the literature. A possible catalytic mechanism for the esterification reaction is also proposed. A second-order pseudo-homogeneous model with R-2 \&gt; 0.97 confirmed that the esterification reaction is performed in the kinetic regime due to the high activation energy of 23.84 kJ mol(-1).</p>},
	keywords = {Esterification, kinetic model, levulinic acid, Micro/meso-HZ-5, n-Butyl levulinate},
	issn = {0930-7516},
	doi = {10.1002/ceat.201400326},
	author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Bokade, Vijay V.}
}
