@article {45504,
	title = {Valorization of cow urine and dung: A model biorefinery (2018)},
	journal = {Waste and Biomass Valorization},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2020},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {1-14},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>Cow is one of the most common livestock of Indian farmers. Small farm households are strongly dependent on livestock for income as it contributes nearly 16\% of their total earnings. As much as two-thirds of rural community depends on livestock for their livelihood. Farmers in India maintain a hybrid farming system, that is, a combination of crop cultivation and livestock, which are complementary to each other. Traditionally, the output of one enterprise is the input of another enterprise. Recent research suggests that in addition to milk, urine and dung obtained from cow are valuable resources of bioactive compounds, which can be converted into value-added products. In this review, we provide an outline for the physicochemical composition and valorization of cow urine and dung. They are utilized in agriculture as a pesticide, manure, and acts as a soil rejuvenator. Cow dung is used for bio energy production by fermentation and gasification. Medicinal and cosmetic products are prepared following ayurvedic formulations described in {\textquoteleft}Panchagavya{\textquoteright}. Cow dung ash is used as adsorbent, construction material, mosquito repellent and electrolyte. A case study of manufacturing unit producing arrays of products from cow urine and dung is also presented.</p>
},
	keywords = {Bio gas, Cow dung, Cow urine, Waste utilization},
	doi = {10.1007/s12649-018-0406-7},
	author = {Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D.}
}
@article {47650,
	title = {One-pot bioconversion of tomato waste into poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) biopolymer by a novel biocatalyst},
	journal = {ACS Sustainable Chemistry \& Engineering},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	month = {NOV },
	pages = {14330-14334},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Landfilling of rotten tomatoes can lead to environmental instability and a huge economic loss to the producers. This letter reports an effective valorization of tomato waste into a promising biopolymer, i.e., poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) by a novel biocatalyst Bacillus paralicheniformis NCIM 5769. The gamma-PGA is one of the most expensive biopolymers with multifarious applications in wound healing, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine fields. However, its adoption into various applications is finite due to its exorbitant production cost. Herein, rotten tomatoes (without additional nutrient supplementation) served as the chassis for the fermentative production of 40 g/L of highly pure gamma-PGA within 48 h at ambient temperature. Further, NMR, DSC, and TGA confirmed the purity of synthesized gamma-PGA identical to standard gamma-PGA. This process has potential in the commercialization of.-PGA by significantly reducing the production cost, followed by the effective utilization of tomato waste leading to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 (i.e., ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns).},
	keywords = {Commercialization, Poly-gamma-glutamic acid, Rotten tomatoes, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Waste utilization},
	issn = {2168-0485},
	doi = {10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05362},
	author = {Nair, Pranav G. and Joseph, Emmanuel and Killi, Naresh and Konchada, Sravanya and Nisal, Anuya and Gundloori, Rathna Venkata Naga and Dharne, Mahesh S.}
}
