@article { ISI:000359067400013,
	title = {Methane hydrate formation in a test sediment of sand and clay at various levels of water saturation},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemistry},
	volume = {93},
	number = {8, 1, SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {874-881},
	publisher = {CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS},
	address = {65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA},
	abstract = {<p>Kinetics of methane hydrate formation with different ratios of silica sand and clay and different water saturations were studied. At suitable temperature and methane gas pressure, water in the void spaces of silica sand packing and intercalated area of clay were converted into hydrate. It was observed that the rate of hydrate formation increases with higher void space in the packing, and addition of clay in test sediment decreases water to hydrate conversion as well as rate of hydrate formation. Maximum water to hydrate conversion of 60.0\% was achieved in pure silica sand bed at 75\% water saturation. Presence of fine clay particles is expected to reduce the void spaces and thus may hinder effective mass transfer of hydrate forming gases in the bed. However, it is also possible that the bentonite clay used in this work may actually inhibit hydrate growth. Additional experiments in stirred tank reactor were carried out to understand the inhibiting effect of bentonite clay for hydrate formation.</p>},
	keywords = {clay, formation kinetics, methane hydrate, Silica sand, water saturation},
	issn = {0008-4042},
	doi = {10.1139/cjc-2014-0537},
	author = {Kumar, Asheesh and Sakpal, Tushar and Roy, Sudip and Kumar, Rajnish}
}
@article {46444,
	title = {Methane recovery from marine gas hydrates: a bench scale study in presence of low dosage benign additives},
	journal = {Applied Energy},
	volume = {253},
	year = {2019},
	month = {NOV },
	pages = {113566},
	type = {Article; Proceedings Paper},
	abstract = {<p>De-pressurization is one approach which has been found to be economically feasible for methane recovery from marine hydrates. Hydrate dissociation being an endothermic process suggests that de-pressurization alone would not be sufficient and some additional stimulation would be required for sustained production from one such reservoir. Thermal stimulation may overcome the challenge posed by the endothermic dissociation process; however, economically it may not be ideal. A possible way out is to use thermal stimulation, but at relatively low temperatures as compared to conventional practice. This would be economical and can be accomplished in the presence of small doses of additives mixed in with the water stream used for thermal stimulation. In the present study, a number of benign additives were identified which when used in low concentrations enhance the kinetics of methane hydrate dissociation compared to pure water. Additives were first shortlisted from a wide potential pool using quantum mechanical calculations. These additives were later tested for their efficacy in stirred tank reactor to quickly identify the best additives for the job and few selected additives were then studied in a larger bench scale setup (fixed bed configuration) where they were injected in the form of an additive-water stream to dissociate already formed hydrates. Factors such as toxicity of the additive, fluidity of additive-water stream, foam formation on mixing of additive with water, etc. were also taken into account. An energy and efficiency analysis revealed that reported additives enhance the energy ratio and thermal efficiency of the process as compared to pure water stimulation.</p>
},
	keywords = {Bench scale, kinetics, Marine hydrate, methane hydrate, Methane recovery, Natural gas hydrate, Process},
	issn = {0306-2619},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113566},
	author = {Bhattacharjee, Gaurav and Choudhary, Nilesh and Barmecha, Vivek and Kushwaha, Omkar S. and Pande, Nawal K. and Chugh, Parivesh and Roy, Sudip and Kumar, Rajnish}
}
