@article {42610,
	title = {Erosion of a granular bed driven by laminar fluid flow},
	journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
	volume = {605},
	year = {2008},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {47-58},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>Motivated by examples of erosive incision of channels in sand, we investigate the motion of individual grains in a granular bed driven by a laminar fluid to give us new insights into the relationship between hydrodynamic stress and surface granular flow. A closed cell of rectangular cross-section is partially filled with glass beads and a constant fluid flux Q flows through the cell. The refractive indices of the fluid and the glass beads are matched and the cell is illuminated with a laser sheet, allowing us to image individual beads. The bed erodes to a rest height hr which depends on Q. The Shields threshold criterion assumes that the non-dimensional ratio θ of the viscous stress on the bed to the hydrostatic pressure difference across a grain is sufficient to predict the granular flux. Furthermore, the Shields criterion states that the granular flux is non-zero only for θ \&gt; θc. We find that the Shields criterion describes the observed relationship hr ∝ Q1/2 when the bed height is offset by approximately half a grain diameter. Introducing this offset in the estimation of θ yields a collapse of the measured Einstein number q* to a power-law function of θ - θc with exponent 1.75 {\textpm} 0.25. The dynamics of the bed height relaxation are described well by the power-law relationship between the granular flux and the bed stress.</p>},
	doi = {10.1017/S0022112008001389},
	author = {Lobkovsky Alexander E. and Orpe, Ashish V. and Molloy, Ryan and Kudrolli, Arshad and Rothman, D. H.}
}
