@article { ISI:000319229900002,
	title = {Compensatory proteolytic responses to dietary proteinase inhibitors from Albizia lebbeck seeds in the helicoverpa armigera larvae},
	journal = {Arthropod-Plant Interactions},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {259-266},
	publisher = {SPRINGER},
	address = {VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Plant proteinase inhibitors (PIs) have been shown to reduce the growth rates in larvae of numerous insect species. On the other hand, insects can also regulate their proteinases against plant PIs. In the present study, we report the compensatory activities of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) gut proteinases against the PIs of Albizia lebbeck seeds. Total of ten proteinase inhibitor bands were detected in the seed extract of A. lebbeck. Bioassays were conducted by feeding H. armigera larvae on diet containing partially purified PIs from A. lebbeck seeds. Results show that larval growth and survival was significantly reduced by A. lebbeck PIs. We found that higher activity H. armigera gut proteinase (HGP) isoforms observed in the midgut of control larvae were inhibited in the midgut of larvae fed on test diet. Some HGP isoforms were induced in the larvae fed on PI containing test diet; however, these isoforms showed lower activity in the larvae fed on control diet. Aminopeptidase activities were significantly increased in the midgut of larvae fed on test diet. A population of susceptible and resistant enzymes was observed in the midgut of H. armigera, when fed on diet containing PIs from A. lebbeck seeds. Our initial observations indicate that H. armigera can regulate its digestive proteinase activity against non-host plant PIs, too. It is important to study the exact biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in order to develop PI-based insect control strategies.</p>},
	keywords = {Albizia lebbeck, Helicoverpa armigera, Midgut proteinases, Proteinase inhibitors, regulation},
	issn = {1872-8855},
	doi = {10.1007/s11829-012-9240-1},
	author = {Hivrale, Vandana K. and Lomate, Purushottam R. and Basaiyye, Shriniwas S. and Kalve, Neeta D.}
}
@article { ISI:000344440500015,
	title = {Identification and expression profiling of helicoverpa armigera microRNAs and their possible role in the regulation of digestive protease genes},
	journal = {Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2014},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {129-137},
	publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>The present investigation is an effort to determine the possible roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of protease gene expression in Helicoverpa armigera upon exposure to plant protease inhibitors (PIs). Using Illumina platform, deep sequencing of 12 small RNA libraries was performed from H. armigera larvae fed on artificial diet (AD) or recombinant Capsicum annuum PI-7 (rCanPI-7) incorporated diet, at various time intervals (0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Sequencing data were analyzed with miRDeep2 software; a total of 186 unique miRNAs were identified from all the 12 libraries, out of which 96 were conserved while 90 were novel. These miRNAs showed all the conserved characteristics of insect miRNAs. Homology analysis revealed that most of the identified miRNAs were insect-specific, and more than 50 miRNAs were Lepidoptera-specific. Several candidate miRNAs (conserved and novel) were differentially expressed in rCanPI-7 fed larvae as compared to the larvae fed on AD. H. armigera miRNAs were found to have target sites in several protease genes as well as in protease regulation related genes such as serine PI and immune reactive PI. As expected, negative correlation in the relative abundance miRNAs and their target mRNAs was evident from qualitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The investigation revealed potential roles of miRNAs in H. armigera protease gene regulation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Deep sequencing, Helicoverpa armigera, miRNAs, Protease gene regulation, Protease inhibitors},
	issn = {0965-1748},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.09.008},
	author = {Lomate, Purushottam R. and Mahajan, Neha S. and Kale, Sandip M. and Gupta, Vidya S. and Giri, Ashok P.}
}
