@article {46424,
	title = {Formic-acid-induced using recyclable-ionic liquids as catalysts for lignin conversion into aromatic co-products},
	journal = {Waste and Biomass Valorization},
	year = {2019},
	month = {NOV},
	type = {Article; Early Access},
	abstract = {<p>Lignin has been widely named as a sustainable and renewable bioresource of energy, fuels, chemicals and materials, particularly phenolic chemicals production on Earth. These bio-derived compounds are in great potential need of biorefinery to valorize complete plant biomass. Lignin depolymerization showed a great promise approach to convert into low molecular aromatic products. In this report, high molecular weight (54,000 Da) lignin depolymerization into maximum yields (87\%), (\&gt;= 95 +/- 6\% mass balance) using a formic acid along with dual (-SO3H) functionalized imidazole-based recyclable (4 times) Bronsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as catalysts have been investigated in H2O-CH3OH (1:5, v/v) at 120 degrees C for 1 h. The structural correlations between the lignin and aromatic products were studied by bulk (CHNS, GPC, etc.) and molecular (UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR (1D/2D) levels experimental techniques. Additionally, the identification of aromatic products was carried out by applying HPLC, GC and GC-MS techniques. Graphic Addition of a formic acid into Bronsted acidic ionic liquids improved the catalytic efficiency significantly for lignin depolymerization into 87\% low molecular weight aromatic products. [GRAPHICS] .</p>
},
	keywords = {Bulk and molecular levels analysis, depolymerization, Dual functionalized ionic liquids, Formic acid, lignin},
	issn = {1877-2641},
	doi = {10.1007/s12649-019-00896-3},
	author = {Singh, Sandip K. and Dhepe, Paresh L.}
}
@article {48005,
	title = {Alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose quantification and two-stage concentrated-dilute acid lignin recovery from three rice husks: lignin characterization and depolymerization},
	journal = {Waste and Biomass Valorization},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2022},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {2963-2977},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Investigations on the compositional analysis of lignocellulosic materials and their properties upon recovery are essential to be studied in order to examine the effects of recovery method, their dependency on the substrate, etc. In this work, three rice husks (RHs) samples were subjected for alpha-, beta- and gamma-cellulose, pentosan, and silica quantifications. Correlations between the source of biomass, lignin recovery by two-stage concentrated and dilute sulphuric acid treatment, their properties and their depolymerization into low molecular mass aromatic fractions using homogeneous and heterogeneous Bronsted acidic ionic liquids as catalysts, is carried out. Correlation between the properties of RHs and recovered lignin were performed using destructive (CHNS, TGA, ICP-OES, etc.) and non-destructive (XRD, UV-Visible, FT-IR, and C-13 CP-MAS NMR) analytical techniques. It was observed that the recovered lignin was polysaccharides free and associated with dibenzodioxocin, spirodienone, and tricin type moieties with variable intensities. The effects of lignin structures showed a change of depolymerisation product pattern. [GRAPHICS] .</p>
},
	keywords = {Holocellulose, Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, lignin, Rice husks},
	issn = {1877-2641},
	doi = {10.1007/s12649-022-01704-1},
	author = {Singh, Sandip K. and Dhepe, Paresh L.}
}
