@article { ISI:000241591900017,
	title = {Selective production of methoxyphenols from dihydroxybenzenes on alkali metal ion-loaded MgO},
	journal = {Journal of Catalysis},
	volume = {243},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {376-388},
	publisher = {ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE},
	type = {Article},
	address = {525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA},
	abstract = {<p>Selective O-methylation of dihydroxybenzenes (DHBs; catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone) to methoxyphenols (MPs) was carried out with dimethylcarbonate on MgO and alkali metal ion (Li, K, and Cs)-loaded MgO between 523 and 603 K. Catalytic activity and product selectivity varied with respect to DHB substrates. Selectivity for O-methylated products increased with increasing basicity of alkali ions; however, K-MgO showed high and stable activity toward MPs. Selectivity for MPs obtained from three substrates increased in the following order: catechol \&lt; resorcinol \&lt; hydroquinone. The mode of interaction of substrates on the catalysts surface influenced reactivity and product selectivity. It is likely that the low reaction temperatures used (\&lt; 603 K) kinetically control and favor high MP selectivity from DHBs. Calcined and spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, surface area, SEM, thermal analysis, NMR, and XPS. XRD analysis revealed the formation of alkali oxide phases on alkali-loaded MgO. Crystallite size and surface area of the catalysts decreased after methylation reactions, except on K-MgO. TGA showed 4060 wt\% coke deposition on spent catalysts. TGA in N-2 followed by air and C-13 CP-MAS NMR measurements indicated the nature of deposited carbon to be molecular species, graphite, MgCO3 and polyaromatics. XPS revealed the nature and availability of active sites on the spent catalysts, as well as the same changes with reaction conditions and correlated with catalytic activity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {alkali-loaded MgO, dihydroxybenzene, K-MgO, methoxyphenol, MgO, O-methylation, thermal analysis, XPS},
	issn = {0021-9517},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jcat.2006.08.009},
	author = {Vijayaraj, Munusamy and Gopinath, Chinnakonda S.}
}
@article { ISI:000245534900008,
	title = {Selective mono-N-methylation of aniline substrates on Cu1-xZnxFe2O4},
	journal = {Applied Catalysis A-General},
	volume = {320},
	year = {2007},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {64-68},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	type = {Article},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Selective mono-N-methylation of substituted anilines (o-, m- and p-toluidines, 2,6-xylidine, p-anisidine and p-aminoacetophenone) was carried out with methanol as methylating agent under vapor phase reaction conditions on Cu1-xZnxFe2O4 systems. The catalytic reactions with each aniline substrate were carried out at optimum reaction conditions (MeOH:anilines:water = 3: 1: 1, space velocity = 3.58 h(-1)) between 543 and 603 K. The presence of a ring-directing group did not have any significant influence on the N-methylaniline(s) selectivity, which remains very high; the same initial conversion/yield was observed for at least 11 h. Electronic effects due to different groups in the above aniline substrates influence the reactivity of the substrates in terms of conversion and yield. Toluidine reactivity varies with respect to the position (ortho, meta and para) of the methyl group on the phenyl ring. Para-substituted anilines (p-toluidine and p-anisidine) exhibit comparable catalytic activity, while p-aminoacetophenone shows higher conversion. The perpendicular orientation of toluidine substrates on catalyst surfaces influences the conversion and N-methyltoluidine yield. Increased crowding at ortho-position and hence steric hindrance (aniline \&gt; o-toluidine \&gt; 2,6-xylidine) restrict the substrates interaction with the catalyst surface, and 2,6-xylidine shows no reactivity. The best catalytic activity observed with Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 was due to a heterogeneous distribution of metal ions on the surface with Zn serving as active spacer group as well as methyl species source. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {mono-N-methylation, N-methylaniline, N-methylation, selective N-methvlation, spinel},
	issn = {0926-860X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apcata.2006.12.016},
	author = {Vijayaraj, Munusamy and Gopinath, Chinnakonda S.}
}
