@article { ISI:000227632100007,
	title = {In vivo and in vitro effect of capsicum annum proteinase inhibitors on helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases},
	journal = {Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects},
	volume = {1722},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {156-167},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	type = {Article},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Two proteinase inhibitors (PIs), CapA1 and CapA2, were purified from Capsicum annum Linn. Var. Phule Jyoti leaves and assessed for their in vitro and in vivo activity against Helicoverpa armigera gut proteinases (HGPs). Both the inhibitors exhibited molecular weights of about 12 kDa with inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin indicating presence of probable two-inhibitor repeats of PIN II family. CapA1 and CapA2 inhibited 60-80\% HGP (azocaseinolytic) activity of fourth instar larvae feeding on various host plants while 45-65\% inhibition of HGP activity of various instars (II to VI) larvae reared on artificial diet. The partial purification of HGP isoforms, their characterization with synthetic inhibitors and inhibition by C. annum PIs revealed that most of the trypsin-like activity (68-91\%) of HGPs was sensitive to C. annum PIs while 39-85\% chymotrypsin-like activity of HGPs was insensitive to these inhibitors. The feeding of C. annum leaf extracts and two purified PIs in various doses to H. armigera larvae for two successive generations through artificial diet demonstrated their potential in inhibiting larval growth and development, delay in pupation period and dramatic reduction in fecundity and fertility. This is the first report-demonstrating efficacy of C. annum PIs against insect gut proteinases as well as larval growth and development of H. armigera. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Capsicum annum, gut proteinase, Helicoverpa armigera, insect resistance, Proteinase inhibitor},
	issn = {0304-4165},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.12.017},
	author = {Tamhane, V. A. and Chougule, Nanasaheb P. and Giri, Ashok P. and Dixit, A. R. and Sainani, Mohini N. and Gupta, Vidya S.}
}
@article { ISI:000250610300004,
	title = {Diverse forms of pin-II family proteinase inhibitors from capsicum annuum adversely affect the growth and development of helicoverpa armigera},
	journal = {Gene},
	volume = {403},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {29-38},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	type = {Article},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Novel forms of Pin-II type proteinase inhibitor (PIs) cDNAs (CanPIs) having three or four inhibitory repeat domains (IRD) were isolated from the developing green fruits of Capsicum annuum. Deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the CanPIs showed up to 15\% sequence divergence among each other or reported inhibitors (CanPI-1 AF039398, CanPI-2 AF221097). Amino acid sequence analysis of these CanPIs revealed that three IRD Pls have trypsin inhibitory sites, while four IRD CanPIs have both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory sites. Four CanPIs, two having three IRD (CanPI-3 AY986465 and CanPI-5 DQ005912) and two having four IRD (CanPI-7 DQ005913 and CanPI-9 DQ005915), were cloned in Pichia pastoris to express recombinant CanPIs. Recombinant CanPIs inhibited 90\% of bovine trypsin (TI), while chymotrypsin inhibition (0) varied with the number of chymotrypsin inhibitory sites in the CanPIs. Recombinant inhibitors inhibited over 70\% of the gut proteinase activity of Helicoverpa armigera. H. armigera larvae fed on recombinant CanPIs individually incorporated into artificial diet, showed 35\% mortality; in addition, weight gain in H. armigera larvae and pupae was severely reduced compared to controls. Of the four CanPIs, CanPI-7, which has two sites for TI and CI, was the only one to have a consistently antagonistic effect on H. armigera growth and development. We conclude that among the four recombinant Pls tested, CanPIs containing diverse IRDs are best suited for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {insect resistance, IP repeats, PI-insect interaction, Pichia pastoris, potato type 2 inhibitors (Pot-II), Solanaceae},
	issn = {0378-1119},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2007.07.024},
	author = {Tamhane, Vaijayantl A. and Giri, Ashok P. and Sainani, Mohini N. and Gupta, Vidya S.}
}
