@article { ISI:000227531600007, title = {New electro-active paper actuator using conducting polypyrrole: actuation behaviour in LiClO(4) acetonitrile solution}, journal = {Synthetic Metals}, volume = {149}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, month = {FEB}, pages = {53-58}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA}, address = {PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND}, abstract = {

The construction of electromechanical actuator has been achieved by using the conducting polypyrrole films deposition onto a gold-coated cellophane paper. This is probably the first report of this type of paper actuator. The conducting polypyrrole was electro-generated using either galvanostatic or potentiostatic conditions at 0.5 mA/cm(2) current density or 0.7 V applied potential, respectively. The two types of actuators were constructed, namely: (1) Ppy/cellophane bi-layer; (2) Ppy/cellophane paper/Ppy tri-layer. These actuators showed a reversible and reproducible displacement in acetonitrile solution containing LiClO(4) (I M). The maximum displacement of 9.1 mm was recorded for tri-layer device and 3.5 mm for bi-layer device in 1 M LiClO(4) acetonitrile solutions. The results obtained in acetonitrile solution containing 1 M LiClO(4) shows that the actuator requires very low excitation voltage of 0.2 MV m(-1). The mechanism for this paper actuation phenomenon is addressed in this paper. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {CP-EAPap actuators, electro-active paper actuator (EAPap), large displacement actuators, lightweight actuators, Ppy/cellophane paper bi-layer, Ppy/cellophane paper/Ppy tri-layer}, issn = {0379-6779}, doi = {10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.11.001}, author = {Deshpande, S. D. and Kim, Jaehwan and Yun, S. R.} } @article { ISI:000231458500048, title = {Studies on conducting polymer electroactive paper actuators: effect of humidity and electrode thickness}, journal = {Smart Materials \& Structures}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, month = {AUG}, pages = {876-880}, publisher = {IOP PUBLISHING LTD}, type = {Article}, address = {TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Actuators based on cellulose paper with conducting polymer (CP-EAPap) as an electrode material were constructed. The bilayer and trilayer types of actuators were fabricated by depositing conducting polypyrrole on one side and two sides of cellophane paper respectively, which was previously gold coated. By varying the deposition time, the electrode thickness was manipulated. The performance of these two types of actuators was compared with respect to humidity changes and thickness variation. The electrode thickness plays a key role in the displacement behavior of these types of actuators. The best performance at higher humidity is also characteristic of CP-EAPap actuators. The possible mechanism of actuation is addressed in this paper.

}, issn = {0964-1726}, doi = {10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/048}, author = {Deshpande, S. D. and Kim, Jaehwan and Yun, Sung-Ryul} } @article {9}, title = {Comparative study of conductive polypyrrole and polyaniline coatings on electro-active papers}, journal = {Polymer Journal}, volume = {38}, number = {7}, year = {2006}, note = {IUPAC Symposium on Ionic Polymerization, Goa, INDIA, OCT 23-28, 2005}, month = {JAN}, pages = {659-668}, publisher = {IUPAC; Council Sci \& Ind Res; Ind Natl Sci Acad, Dept Sci \& Technol; Reliance Ind Ltd}, type = {Article}, address = {233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA}, abstract = {

{A comparative study is performed on the conductive polymer-coated electro-active paper (EAPap) actuators by aiming at improving the overall performance of the actuators. Conductive Polymer coated Electro-active Paper [

}, keywords = {conifer, glufosinate, particle bombardment, Pinus roxburghii, stable transformation}, issn = {0721-7714}, doi = {10.1295/polymj.PJ2005185}, author = {Kim, Jachwan and Deshpande, S. D. and Yun, Sungryul and Li, Qubo} } @article { ISI:000251014600008, title = {Synthesis, characterization and actuation behavior of polyaniline-coated electroactive paper actuators}, journal = {Polymer International}, volume = {56}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {DEC}, pages = {1530-1536}, publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS LTD}, type = {Article}, address = {THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

This investigation deals with the synthesis, characterization and actuation behavior of conductive polyaniline-coated electroactive paper actuators. The actuator is made by electrochemical deposition of conductive polyaniline on a cellulose paper. The aim of the investigation was to improve the bending displacement of electroactive paper actuators. The displacement outputs of the actuators show that a trilayer is better than a bilayer configuration. The nature of the dopant ion used in the electro-generation affects the performance. A change in humidity plays a vital role in actuation performance of the actuators. Comparing the performance of electroactive paper actuators with and without a conductive polyaniline coating, the coating improves the displacement output threefold. Finally, the actuation principle mechanism is addressed. (C) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.

}, keywords = {bending actuator, conducting polymer, electroactive polymer (EAP), polyaniline}, issn = {0959-8103}, doi = {10.1002/pi.2297}, author = {Kim, Jaehwan and Yun, Sung-Ryul and Deshpande, S. D.} } @article {44090, title = {Polyphenylene sulfide- expanded graphite nanocomposites: processing route dependent electrical percolation}, journal = {Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials}, volume = {30}, year = {2017}, month = {DEC}, pages = {1603-1614}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)-expanded graphite (ExGr) conducting nanocomposites have been prepared by powder mixing and in situ polymerization routes after sonicating ExGr particles in acetone. Synthesized PPS has been used to make powder mixed composites. The powder mixed composites exhibit a percolation threshold of 3 wt\% due to the formation of graphite nanosheets. When PPS-ExGr composites are prepared by in situ polymerization route, very low electrical percolation threshold less than 0.5 wt\% ExGr is obtained. The low percolation threshold obtained is attributed to better dispersion of ExGr nanosheets in the polymer matrix when compared to powder mixed composites. The synthesized PPS has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. The formation of graphite nanosheets has been confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microcopy analysis.}, doi = {10.1177/0892705716646420}, author = {Ramanujam, B. T. S. and Radhakrishnan, S. and Deshpande, S. D.} } @article {45722, title = {Polypropylene-based conducting nanocomposites: effect of aspect ratio of second conducting filler on the electrical percolation}, journal = {Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials}, volume = {30}, year = {2017}, month = {JUN}, pages = {840-854}, type = {Article}, abstract = {

Powder-mixed polypropylene (PP)-graphite binary composites exhibit an electrical percolation threshold at 10 wt\% graphite signifying insulator-semiconductor transition. Three conducting fillers such as carbon black (CB), sonicated expanded graphite (s-ExGr), and carbon nanofiber (CNF) are mixed with PP-7 wt\% graphite binary composites. The electrical percolation threshold has been found to have inverse relation to the aspect ratio of second conducting fillers in hybrid composites. The aspect ratio of second conducting fillers varies in the order CB \< ExGr \< CNF. The electrical percolation threshold is found to vary for the hybrid composites as 2.2 wt\% for CB addition, 0.75 wt\% for ExGr addition, and 0.2 wt\% for CNF addition in the PP-7 wt\% graphite binary composites. When the aspect ratio of second conducting fillers increases, they reduce the barrier for the charge transport. The second conducting fillers occupy the interspace of graphite and alternating current studies show that the effective dielectric constant increases with the concentration of second conducting filler in the hybrid composites. The composites are characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Melt-crystallized PP-7 wt\% graphite-CNF composites exhibit higher percolation threshold due to decrease in the polymer viscosity which increases the interparticulate distance.

}, keywords = {carbon nanofiber, Conducting polymer composites, Electrical properties, graphite nanosheets, hybrid composites, percolation, scanning, transmission electron microscopy}, issn = {0892-7057}, doi = {10.1177/0892705715614063}, author = {Ramanujam, B. T. S. and Radhakrishnan, S. and Deshpande, S. D.} }