@article { ISI:000230123500084, title = {Aromatic polyimides from m-phenylene diamines containing pendant groups: synthesis and characterization}, journal = {Journal Applied Polymer Science}, volume = {97}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {AUG}, pages = {1377-1384}, publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS INC}, type = {Article}, address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA}, abstract = {

Two diamine monomers, 4-[4-(1-methyl-1-phenyl)phenoxy]-1,3-(diamino benzene and 4-{-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]phenoxy}-1,3-diamino benzene, were synthesized, and both diamines were polycondensed with three commercial dianhydrides to obtain aromatic polyimides containing pendant groups. The polyimides were characterized by solubility tests, viscosity measurements, IR, H-1-NMR, and C-13- NMR spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction studies, and thermogravimetric analysis. The polymides had inherent viscosities of 0.33-0.58 dL/g in m-cresol at 30 +/- 0.1 degrees C. All the polyimides were amorphous and were soluble in solvents such as NNdimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, and in-cresol. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymides indicated no weight loss below 410 degrees C under a nitrogen atmosphere. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

}, keywords = {heteroatom-containing polymers, High performance polymers, polyimides}, issn = {0021-8995}, doi = {10.1002/app.21859}, author = {Pal, R. R. and Patil, P. S. and Dere, R. T. and Salunkhe, M. M. and Maldar, Noormahamad N. and Wadgaonkar, P. P.} } @article { ISI:000226787200011, title = {Synthesis and characterization of aromatic polyamides containing an s-triazine ring with thiophenoxy linkages}, journal = {Polymer International}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, year = {2005}, month = {MAR}, pages = {569-575}, publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS LTD}, type = {Article}, address = {THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

A series of aromatic polyamides containing an s-triazine ring with thiophenoxy linkages was synthesized from two new diacids, namely 2,4-bis-(4-carboxyphenoxy)-6-thiophenoxy-s-triazine and 2,4-bis-(3-carboxyphenoxy)-6-thiophenoxy-s-triazine, and commercially available aromatic diamines by using Yamazaki{\textquoteright}s phosphorylation reaction. The polyamides were obtained in good yields and were characterized by solubility tests, viscosity measurements, FTIR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies and thermogravimetric analysis. The polyamides were found to have inherent viscosities in the range of 0.35 to 0.56 dl g(-1) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) at 30 +/- 0.1 degreesC. All the polyamides were readily soluble in solvents such as DMAc, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and m-cresol. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polyamides indicated no weight loss below 345 degreesC under a nitrogen atmosphere. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.

}, keywords = {2, 4-bis-(3/4-carboxyphenoxy)-6-thiophenoxy-s-triazine, direct polycondensation, polyamide, s-triazine ring}, issn = {0959-8103}, doi = {10.1002/pi.1733}, author = {Pal, R. R. and Patil, P. S. and Salunkhe, M. M. and Maldar, Noormahamad N. and Wadgaonkar, P. P.} } @article { ISI:000236150300039, title = {Thermotropic behavior of lithocholic acid derivative linked hydroxyethyl cellulose}, journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, volume = {100}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {MAY}, pages = {1995-2001}, publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS INC}, type = {Article}, address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA}, abstract = {

Various mesogenic lithocholic acid (LA) derivatives [3-acetyl LA (LAAC); 3-propionyl LA (LAP), 3-cinnamoyl LA (LACin); 3-benzoyl LA (LAB), 3-(4-nitrobenzoyl) LA (LANB); and methyl-3-(3-carboxypropionyl) LA, i.e., LA methyl ester monosuccinate (LAMeMS)] were reacted with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) to obtain a series of LA derivatives of HEC. These polymers were characterized by the mesogen content, 1.1, differential scanning calorimetry, and hot-stage coupled polarizing optical microscopy. The degree Of Substitution (DS) ranged from 0.27 to 1.11. Polymers HEC-LAB (DS = 1.11), HEC-LANB (DS = 0.80), HEC-LACin (DS = 0.76), and HEC-LAP (DS = 0.27) exhibited a mesophase on heating whereas HEC-LAB also showed a mesophase on cooling. The other polymers HEC-LAAC (DS = 0.89) and HEC-LAMeMS (DS = 0.36) did not reveal mesophase formation with either heating or cooling. It is observed that the formation of a mesophase is affected by the type of mesogen that is used rather than the mesogen content of the polymer. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

}, keywords = {hydroxyethyl cellulose, lithocholic acid, thermotropic}, issn = {0021-8995}, doi = {10.1002/app.22285}, author = {Shaikh, V. A. E. and Maldar, Noormahamad N. and Lonikar, Shrikant Vitthal and Rajan, C. R. and Ponrathnam, S.} } @article { ISI:000252176200024, title = {Synthesis of aromatic poly(amide-imide)s from novel diimide-diacid (DIDA) containing sulphone and bulky pendant groups by direct polycondensation with various diamines}, journal = {European Polymer Journal}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, year = {2007}, month = {DEC}, pages = {5047-5054}, publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD}, type = {Article}, address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

A novel diimide-diacid (DIDA) monomer, 4-{4-[(4-methyl phenyl) sulphonyl]}-1,3-bis-trimellitoimido benzene containing sulphone and bulky pendant groups was successfully synthesized and used to synthesize a series of wholly aromatic poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) by direct polycondensation method. The direct polycondensation of newly synthesized DIDA with different diamines was carried Out via Yamazaki{\textquoteright}s phosphorylation method using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine system. The resulting poly(amide-imide)s were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities 0.36-0.47 dl/g in DMAc at 30 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The poly(amide-imide)s were amorphous and were readily soluble in various solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), NN-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and pyridine. Tough and flexible films were obtained by casting their DMAc solution. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the polymers were fairly stable up to temperature around 396 degrees C, and 10\% weight losses in the temperature range of 476-511 degrees C that showed good thermal stabilities of these polymers. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {direct polycondensation, poly(amide-imide)s, sulphone and bulky pendant groups, thermally stable polymers}, issn = {0014-3057}, doi = {10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.08.016}, author = {Patil, Prashant S. and Pal, Ravindra R. and Salunkhe, Manikrao M. and Maldar, Noormahamad N. and Wadgaonkar, Prakash P.} } @article { ISI:000271108500027, title = {Synthesis and thermal properties of soluble silicon containing phenylated aromatic-aliphatic polyamides}, journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry}, volume = {98}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, month = {NOV}, pages = {539-545}, publisher = {SPRINGER}, address = {VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Aromatic polyamides find many applications in diverse and critical areas due to their high thermal stability coupled with high mechanical properties. However most of such aramides are difficult to fabricate because of their limited solubility and high melting temperature. Improvements in processability have been reported by incorporating bulky pendant groups and aliphatic spacer groups. Similarly to improve the solubility of polymers approaches of incorporating silicon in main polymer chain and co-polymerization techniques were useful. We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of phenylated silicon containing aromatic-aliphatic polyamides from a mixture of 2, 5-bis (4-carboxy methylene phenyl)-3, 4-diphenyl thiophene (CMPDT) and bis-(4-carboxy phenyl) dimethyl silane (BCPDS) in various mole proportions, with commercial aromatic diamine. Thus a series of novel co-polyamides having pendant phenyl groups, methylene spacer and silicon moiety was prepared by judicious combination of (CMPDT); BCPDS and aromatic diamine; bis-(4-aminophenyl) ether (ODA), by direct polycondensation using Yamazaki{\textquoteright}s phosphorylation method. These high molecular mass polyamides were obtained in high (89-98\%) yields and had viscosities in the range of 0.23-0.57 dL/g in DMAc. Polyamides showed improved solubility in polar aprotic solvents, like NMP, DMAc, DMSO and DMF; had high thermal stability; with no mass loss below 335 A degrees C.

}, keywords = {2, 4-diphenyl thiophene, 5-bis (4-carboxy methylene phenyl)-3, bis-(4-amino phenyl) ether, bis-(4-carboxy phenyl) dimethyl silane, Copolyamides, solubility, thermal stability}, issn = {1388-6150}, doi = {10.1007/s10973-009-0286-y}, author = {Ghanwat, A. A. and Sayyed, M. M. and Wadgaonkar, P. P. and Maldar, Noormahamad N.} } @article { ISI:000264232900041, title = {Synthesis, characterization and constitutional isomerism study of new aromatic polyamides containing pendant groups based on asymmetrically substituted meta-phenylene diamines}, journal = {European Polymer Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, year = {2009}, month = {MAR}, pages = {953-959}, publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD}, address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Four new aromatic polyamides containing pendant groups were synthesized by low temperature interfacial polycondensation of two asymmetrically substituted diamine monomers, namely, 4-[4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) phenoxyl-1,3-diamino benzene and 4-[4-[4-methylphenyl) sulphonyl]phenoxy)-1,3-diamino benzene with two aromatic diacid chlorides, namely isophthaloyl chloride and tereplithaloyl chloride. Inherent viscosities of polyamides were in the range 0.64-0.72 dL/g indicating formation of medium molecular weight polymers. The weight average molecular weights and number average molecular weights, determined by gel permeation chromatography (polystyrene standard), were in the range 54,500-65,000 and 19,750-27,000, respectively. The constitutional isomerism of synthesized polyamides was investigated by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, where as the constitutional order was calculated from (1)H NMR spectroscopy and was found to be in the range 0.35-0.37. Polyamides containing pendant groups were essentially amorphous and were soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N, N-dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. Polyamides exhibited glass-transition temperature in the range 237-254 degrees C. The initial decomposition temperature, determined by TGA in nitrogen atmosphere, of polyamides was in the range 371-410 degrees C indicating their good thermal stability. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Asymmetrically substituted diamines, Constitutional isomerism, interfacial polycondensation, Pendant groups}, issn = {0014-3057}, doi = {10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.11.034}, author = {Pal, Ravindra R. and Patil, Prashant S. and Salunkhe, Manikrao M. and Maldar, Noormahamad N. and Wadgaonkar, Prakash P.} } @article { ISI:000275434800071, title = {Novel poly(amide-hydrazide)s and copoly(amide-hydrazide)s from Bis-(4-aminobenzyl) hydrazide and aromatic diacid chlorides: synthesis and characterization}, journal = {Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, volume = {116}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {MAY}, pages = {2441-2450}, publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS INC}, address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA}, abstract = {

A new aromatic diamine, viz., bis-(4-aminobenzyl) hydrazide (BABH), which contains preformed hydrazide and methylene linkage, was synthesized starting from alpha-tolunitrile. The BABH and intermediates involved in its synthesis were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Novel poly(amide-hydrazide)s were synthesized by low temperature solution polycondensation of BABH with isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). Furthermore, two series of copoly(amide-hydrazide)s, based on different mol \% of BABH and bis-(4-aminophenyl) ether (ODA) with IPC/TPC were also synthesized. Poly(amidehydrazide)s and copoly(amide-hydrazide)s were characterized by inherent viscosity [eta(inh)], FTIR, solubility, X-ray diffraction (MUD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The polycondensation proceeded smoothy and afforded the polymers with inherent viscosities in the range of 0.18-093 dL/g in (NMP + 4\% LiCl) at 30 degrees C +/- 0.1 degrees C. These polymers dissolved in DMAc, NMP or DMSO containing LiCl. The solubility of copolymers was considerably improved in line with less crystalline nature due to random placement of constituent monomers during the copolymerization. XRD data indicated that poly(amide-hydrazide)s from BABH alone and IPC/TPC had higher crystallinity than the corresponding copoly(amide-hydrazide)s derived from a mixture of BABH and bis-(4-aminophenyl) ether (ODA). Polymers showed initial weight loss around 160 degrees C which is attributed to the cyclodehydration leading to the formation of corresponding poly(amide-oxadiazole)s. Copolyamide-hydrazides showed, T(max) between 400 and 540 degrees C which is essentially the decomposition of poly(amide-oxadiazole)s. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J App Polym Sci 116: 2441-2450, 2010

}, keywords = {bis-(4-aminobenzyl) hydrazide, poly(amide-hydrazide), structure-property relations, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffractograms}, issn = {0021-8995}, doi = {10.1002/app.31849}, author = {Medhi, M. and Patil, A. S. and Halhalli, Mahadeo R. and Choubey, A. and Wadgaonkar, P. P. and Maldar, Noormahamad N.} } @article { ISI:000278307300018, title = {Synthesis and characterization of novel aromatic-aliphatic polyamides from bis-[(4-aminobenzyl)-4-benzamide] ether}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering B-Advanced Functional Solid-State Materials}, volume = {168}, number = {1-3, SI}, year = {2010}, note = {Conference on Specialty Advanced Materials and Polymers for Aerospace and Defense and Applications (SAMPADA-2008), Mat Res Soc Singapore, Singapore, SINGAPORE, JUL 03-08, 2005}, month = {APR}, pages = {111-116}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

A novel aromatic diamine monomer containing preformed aromatic-aliphatic amide and ether linkage, bis-[(4-aminobenzyl)-4-benzamide] ether (BABE) was prepared from 2-phenylacetonitrile. BABE was characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectrometry. Five new aromatic polyamides were prepared by low temperature solution polymerization from BABE and different mole proportions of isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) or terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). The resulting polymers were characterized by means of FT-IR, inherent viscosity [eta(inh)], solubility, differential scanning calorimetry [DSC], thermogravimetric analysis [TGA] and X-ray diffraction [XRD]. Polyamides were obtained in good yields and had moderate to high molecular weights as indicated by inherent viscosities in the range 0.63-1.35 dL/g in (DMAc + 4\% LiCl). XRD results showed the partly crystalline nature of polymers and these polymers dissolved in aprotic polar solvents containing LiCl. The solubility of copolyamides improved due to random placement of constituent IPC and TPC during polymerization. DSC analysis of these polyamides showed glass transition temperatures in the range of 197-204 degrees C, and they showed no weight loss below 336 degrees C when analyzed by TG. These polyamides have potential applications as engineering materials. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Bis-[(4-aminobenzyl)-4-benzamide] ether, ether linkage, Inherent viscosity, polyamides, thermal stability, XRD}, issn = {0921-5107}, doi = {10.1016/j.mseb.2009.10.016}, author = {Patil, A. S. and Medhi, M. and Sadavarte, Nilakshi V. and Wadgaonkar, P. P. and Maldar, Noormahamad N.} } @article { ISI:000278307300032, title = {Synthesis and characterization of polyesters from 2,3-bis (4 {\textquoteleft}-hydroxy phenyl) quinoxaline and 2,3-bis (2 {\textquoteleft}-hydroxynaphthalene-6 {\textquoteleft}-yl) quinoxaline}, journal = {Materials Science and Engineering B-Advanced Functional Solid-State Materials}, volume = {168}, number = {1-3, SI}, year = {2010}, note = {Conference on Specialty Advanced Materials and Polymers for Aerospace and Defense and Applications (SAMPADA-2008), Mat Res Soc Singapore, Singapore, SINGAPORE, JUL 03-08, 2005}, month = {APR}, pages = {186-192}, publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV}, address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Two bisphenols containing pendant, quinoxaline moiety; 2,3-bis (4{\textquoteright}-hydroxy phenyl) quinoxaline (BHPQ) and 2,3-bis (2{\textquoteright}-hydroxynaphthalene-6-yl) quinoxaline (BHNQ) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, (1)H, (13)C NMR and mass spectrometry. Aromatic polyesters and copolyesters were prepared by interfacial polymerization from BHPQ or BHNQ and isophthaloyl chloride or terephthaloyl chloride or a mixture of different mole proportions of (IPC + TPC). These polyesters and copolyesters were characterized by spectroscopic technique, viscosity measurement, solubility, thermal stability. DSC and XRD. Polymers had moderate to high molecular weights as evidenced by the inherent viscosities in the range 0.35-0.78 dL/g for BHPQ series and 0.27-0.52 dL/g for BHNQ series. BHPQ polyesters and copolyesters dissolved in m-cresol, NMP and conc. H(2)SO(4) whereas, BHNQ polyesters and copolyesters were readily soluble in NMP, DMAc, (TCE + phenol) and partly soluble in solvent like CHCl(3), pyridine, etc. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results showed that introduction of quinoxaline moiety into polymer chain and aromatic phenyl/rigid naphthyl structures lead to crystalinity. Differentional scanning calorimetry of BHNQ polyesters showed the glass transition temperatures in the range of 131-151 degrees C. BHPQ polyesters did not show any weight loss below 330 degrees C and retained 27-55\% weight at 900 degrees C when investigated by TGA under nitrogen atmosphere demonstrating good thermal stability BHNQderived polyesters showed initial decomposition temperatures in range 211-234 degrees C. The structure-property relationships for the mentioned polyesters are analyzed, as these polyesters are of interest as materials for electronics, microelectronics and membrane separation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {2, 3-Bis (2 {\textquoteleft}-hydroxynaphthalene-6 {\textquoteleft}-yl) quinoxaline, 3-Bis (4 {\textquoteleft}-hydroxy phenyl) quinoxaline, Aromatic polyesters, Glass transition temperature, solubility, Thermal properties}, issn = {0921-5107}, doi = {10.1016/j.mseb.2009.12.036}, author = {Patil, V. B. and Medhi, M. and Bhairamadgi, Nagendra S. and Wadgaonkar, P. P. and Maldar, Noormahamad N.} } @article { ISI:000291605900010, title = {Polyamides containing quinoxaline moiety}, journal = {Journal of Polymer Research}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {JUL}, pages = {549-557}, publisher = {SPRINGER}, address = {VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

A new quinoxaline moiety containing aromatic diamine; 2,3-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]quinoxaline (APQ) was synthesized starting from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and was characterized by IR, (1)H, (13)C NMR and Mass spectrometry. Five new polyamides were synthesized by polycondensation of various aliphatic diacid / aromatic diacids namely, azelaic acid, bis(4-carboxyphenyl)dimethylsilane, 4,4{\textquoteright}-oxybis(benzoicacid), isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid with APQ by Yamazaki{\textquoteright}s phosphorylation method using triphenyl phosphite as condensing agent. The polyamides were characterized by IR spectroscopy, solubility tests, inherent viscosity, X-ray diffraction technique, differential scanning colorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The polyamides had inherent viscosities in the range 0.39-0.45 dL/g in N, N-dimethylacetamide at 30 +/- 0.1 A degrees C. The polyamides were soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone. X-Ray diffraction studies showed that polyamides were amorphous in nature. The polyamides showed glass transition temperatures in the range 104-205 A degrees C, according to differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetric analysis exhibited initial decomposition temperatures above 348 A degrees C; indicating that these polyamides possessed excellent thermal stability.

}, keywords = {polyamides, Quinoxaline, solubility, Thermal properties, XRD}, issn = {1022-9760}, doi = {10.1007/s10965-010-9448-7}, author = {Patil, Vidyadhar B. and Sayyed, Maheboob M. and Mahanwar, Prakash A. and Wadgaonkar, Prakash P. and Maldar, Noormahamad N.} } @article { ISI:000290038000005, title = {Synthesis and characterization of soluble polyamides from bis-[(4 {\textquoteleft}-aminobenzyl)-4-benzamide] ether and various diacids}, journal = {Polymer Bulletin}, volume = {66}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {MAY}, pages = {1207-1218}, publisher = {SPRINGER}, address = {233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA}, abstract = {

New aromatic diamine containing preformed amide, ether, and methylene; bis-[(4{\textquoteright}-aminobenzyl)-4-benzamide] ether (BABE), was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Aromatic-aliphatic polyamides were prepared from BABE with aliphatic/aromatic diacids via Yamazaki{\textquoteright}s polymerization. The polyamides were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, inherent viscosity [eta(inh)], solubility tests, differential scanning calorimetry [DSC], thermogravimetric analysis [TGA], and X-ray diffraction [XRD]. Polyamides had inherent viscosities 0.35-0.84 dL/g, soluble in aprotic polar solvents like N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethyl acetamide and dimethyl sulphoxide containing LiCl due to an amorphous to partially crystalline morphology; as XRD patterns indicated. DSC analysis of polyamides showed glass transition temperatures 166-268 A degrees C. Polyamides showed high thermal stability as they did not degrade below 300 A degrees C, had 10\% weight loss temperature higher than 375 A degrees C, and the char yields at 900 A degrees C were 22-55\%; indicating potential applications as engineering materials.

}, keywords = {Aryl-ether and methylene linkages, Bis-[(4 {\textquoteleft}-aminobenzyl)-4-benzamide] ether, Direct phosphorylative polycondensation, Soluble aromatic-aliphatic polyamides, Thermal properties}, issn = {0170-0839}, doi = {10.1007/s00289-010-0344-4}, author = {Patil, A. S. and Sayyed, M. M. and Bhairamadgi, Nagendra S. and Han, Sung-Hwan and Maldar, Noormahamad N.} }