@article { ISI:000363775800020,
	title = {Effect of interfacial mass transfer on the dispersion in segmented flow in straight capillaries},
	journal = {AICHE Journal},
	volume = {61},
	number = {12},
	year = {2015},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {4294-4308},
	publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
	address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA},
	abstract = {<p>The effect of interfacial mass transfer on the extent of dispersion in liquid-liquid segmented flow in straight capillaries is studied. In the absence of interfacial mass transfer, dispersion coefficient was seen to go through a minimum with increasing flow rates. In the presence of mass transfer, physicochemical properties of both the phases and slug lengths were seen to vary along the capillary length. The extent of dispersion was always higher in the presence of interfacial mass transfer. The predictions using axial dispersion model deviated noticeably for larger capillaries as the model does not account for varying buoyancy, dynamic contacting, and Marangoni convection. Simulations of a first-order interfacial reaction considering varying slug lengths showed a significant change in optimum operating parameters than the conventional approach. A special case of drop-on-demand type of controlled two-phase flow in capillaries was also studied. (c) 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.</p>},
	keywords = {capillary, dispersion, interfacial mass transfer, segmented flow, slugs},
	issn = {0001-1541},
	doi = {10.1002/aic.14945},
	author = {Deshpande, Jaydeep B. and Kulkarni, Amol A.}
}
@article {47739,
	title = {Continuous citrate-capped gold nanoparticle synthesis in a two-phase flow reactor},
	journal = {Journal of Flow Chemistry},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {553-567},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A continuous manufacturing platform was developed for the synthesis of aqueous colloidal 10-20 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a flow reactor using chloroauric acid, sodium citrate and citric acid at 95 degrees C and 2.3 bar(a) pressure. The use of a twophase flow system - using heptane as the continuous phase - prevented fouling on the reactor walls, while improving the residence time distribution. Continuous syntheses for up to 2 h demonstrated its potential application for continuous manufacturing, while live quality control was established using online UV-Vis photospectrometry that monitored the particle size and process yield. The synthesis was stable and reproducible over time for gold precursor concentration above 0.23 mM (after mixing), resulting in average particle size between 12 and 15 nm. A hydrophobic membrane separator provided successful separation of the aqueous and organic phases and collection of colloidal Au NPs in flow. Process yield increased at higher inlet flow rates (from 70\% to almost 100 \%), due to lower residence time of the colloidal solution in the separator resulting in less fouling in the PTFE membrane. This study addresses the challenges for the translation of the synthesis from batch to flow and provides tools for the development of a continuous manufacturing platform for gold nanoparticles.},
	keywords = {Continuous manufacturing, Nanomaterials, Online analysis, phase separation, segmented flow},
	issn = {2062-249X},
	doi = {10.1007/s41981-021-00172-3},
	author = {Damilos, Spyridon and Alissandratos, Ioannis and Panariello, Luca and Radhakrishnan, Anand N. P. and Cao, Enhong and Wu, Gaowei and Besenhard, Maximilian O. and Kulkarni, Amol A. and Makatsoris, Charalampos and Gavriilidis, Asterios}
}
@article {48806,
	title = {Transient response to perturbations in flow synthesis of citrate capped gold nanoparticles},
	journal = {Biochemical Engineering Journal},
	volume = {470},
	year = {2023},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {143890},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	This work reports the transient behavior of continuous flow synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) when subjected to perturbations in operating conditions using controlled experiments. The intricacies are captured through a detailed mathematical model. Reversed Turkevich protocol was used for synthesis of Au NPs. The synthesis was first studied in batch mode to investigate the reaction kinetics and reproducibility of the process. The optimal set of operating conditions viz., residence time, flow rate, temperature was then used for flow synthesis in a 2 m, 1/16 \&amp; DPRIME;Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor with micromixer. Reactor clogging was avoided by using segmented flow. Inline UV measurement was used for real time monitoring of the process. Transient experiments were performed by abruptly changing the operating conditions. A mathematical model was found to be accurate in predicting the transient behavior of the exit precursor concentration and the particle size for unsteady state synthesis. Even a small change in process variables for short duration was found to disturb the quality of Au NPs for a significantly longer duration. Of the three operating parameters, the effect of temperature variation was seen to have a prolonged effect where the system remained in unsteady state for long time.</p>
},
	keywords = {continuous flow synthesis, gold nanoparticles, Particle size, segmented flow, Unsteady behavior},
	issn = {1385-8947},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cej.2023.143890},
	author = {Bari, Atul H. and Shukla, Neerja and Gavriilidis, Asterios and Kulkarni, Amol A.}
}
