@article { ISI:000359850300008,
	title = {Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against sexually transmitted pathogens},
	journal = {Natural Product Research},
	volume = {29},
	number = {16},
	year = {2015},
	month = {AUG},
	pages = {1562-1566},
	publisher = {TAYLOR \& FRANCIS LTD},
	address = {4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>Comprehensive management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) using vaginal or rectal microbicide-based intervention is one of the strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Herbal products have been used for treating STIs traditionally. Herein, we present in vitro activity of 10 plant extracts and their 34 fractions against three sexually transmitted/reproductive tract pathogens - Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi and Candida albicans. The plant parts were selected; the extracts/fractions were prepared and screened by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory and minimum cidal concentrations were determined. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of selected extracts/fractions showing activity was performed. Of the extracts/fractions tested, three inhibited C. albicans, ten inhibited N. gonorrhoeae and five inhibited H. ducreyi growth. Our study demonstrated that Terminalia paniculata Roth. extracts/fractions inhibited growth of all three organisms. The ethyl acetate fraction of Syzygium cumini Linn. and Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. extracts was found to inhibit N. gonorrhoeae at lowest concentrations.</p>},
	keywords = {anti-STI activity, Candida albicans, fractions, Haemophilus ducreyi, microbicide, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, plant extracts},
	issn = {1478-6419},
	doi = {10.1080/14786419.2014.983919},
	author = {Jadhav, Nutan and Kulkarni, Sangeeta and Mane, Arati and Kulkarni, Roshan and Palshetker, Aparna and Singh, Kamalinder and Joshi, Swati P. and Risbud, Arun and Kulkarni, Smita}
}
@article { ISI:000346339500005,
	title = {Possible mechanism of antifungal phenazine-1-carboxamide from pseudomonas sp against dimorphic fungi Benjaminiella poitrasii and human pathogen Candida albicans},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Microbiology},
	volume = {118},
	number = {1},
	year = {2015},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {39-48},
	publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
	address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA},
	abstract = {<p>AimInvestigation of antifungal mechanism of phenazine 1-carboxamide (PC) produced by a Pseudomonas strain MCC2142. Methods and ResultsAn antifungal metabolite produced by a Pseudomonas was purified and identified as PC. Human pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, Candidaglabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were found to be inhibited by PC (MIC90 32-64gml(-1)). Addition of PC (20gml(-1)) during yeast (Y)-hypha (H) transitions inhibited germ tube formation by \&gt;90\% and \&gt;99\% in C.albicans National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM) 3471 and nonpathogenic model Benjaminiella poitrasii, respectively. After exposure to PC (20gml(-1)), 75-80\% yeast cells of B.poitrasii and C.albicans NCIM 3471 showed rhodamine 123 fluorescence indicating high intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS further led to hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane, subsequently induction of apoptosis as evident by externalization of phosphatidylserine, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and finally death in B.poitrasii. In C.albicans NCIM 3471, PC (20gml(-1)) induced apoptosis. ConclusionsThe antifungal effect of PC in B.poitrasii and C.albicans may be due to ROS-mediated apoptotic death. Significance and Impact of the StudyInhibition of Y-H transition of B.poitrasii and C.albicans by PC indicates that it may prove useful in the control of dimorphic human pathogens.</p>},
	keywords = {Apoptosis, Candida albicans, dimorphism, phenazines, Pseudomonas sp, reactive oxygen species},
	issn = {1364-5072},
	doi = {10.1111/jam.12675},
	author = {Tupe, S. G. and Kulkarni, R. R. and Shirazi, F. and Sant, D. G. and Joshi, Swati P. and Deshpande, Mukund V.}
}
