@article { ISI:000340350900018,
	title = {Production of octyl levulinate biolubricant over modified H-ZSM-5: Optimization by response surface methodology},
	journal = {Journal of Energy Chemistry},
	volume = {23},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {JUL},
	pages = {535-541},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>The present study highlighted the use of modified H-ZSM-5 (Meso-HZ-5) as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of octyl levulinate biolubricant by catalytic esterification of biomass derived renewable levulinic acid (LA) with n-octanol. The process variables such as catalyst loading (X-1), n-octanol to LA molar ratio (X-2) and reaction temperature (X-3) were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM), using Box-Behnken model. Analysis of variance was performed to determine the adequacy and significance of the quadratic model. The yield of octyl levulinate was obtained to be 99\% at optimum process parameters. The developed quadratic model was found to be adequate and statistically accurate with correlation value (R-2) of 0.9971 to predict the yield of octyl levulinate biolubricant. The study was also extended on the validation of theoretical and experimental data, including catalyst reusability.</p>},
	keywords = {biolubricant, Esterification, H-ZSM-5, levulinic acid, octyl levulinate, Response surface methodology},
	issn = {2095-4956},
	doi = {10.1016/S2095-4956(14)60182-0},
	author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Yadava, Sunil K. and Bokade, Vijay V.}
}
@article { ISI:000370104700016,
	title = {Optimization by box-behnken experimental design fur synthesis of n-hexyl levulinate biolubricant over hierarchical H-ZSM-5: an effort towards agricultural waste minimization},
	journal = {Process Safety and Environmental Protection},
	volume = {99},
	year = {2016},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {159-166},
	publisher = {INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS},
	type = {Article},
	address = {165-189 RAILWAY TERRACE, DAVIS BLDG, RUGBY CV21 3HQ, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>The present study is devoted to develop efficient catalytic process for conversion of agricultural waste feedstock to value added chemicals. In this context, the n-hexyl levulinate, a renewable biolubricant was synthesized by esterification of biomass derived levulinic acid (LA) with n-hexanol in a closed batch system. Hierarchical-HZ-5 (modified H-ZSM-5) was used as a heterogeneous acid catalyst. There are no reports available on the synthesis of n-hexyl levulinate biolubricant using renewable levulinic acid. The process variables such as catalyst to LA ratio (X-1), n-hexanol to LA molar ratio (X-2), reaction time (X-3) and reaction temperature (X-4) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), using the Box-Behnken model. Analysis of variance was done to check the suitability and significance of the quadratic model. The yield of n-hexyl levulinate obtained was 97\% with 100\% selectivity at optimum process parameters. The RSM analysis predicted that catalyst to LA ratio is most significant (value of p \&lt; 0.0001) and n-hexanol to LA molar ratio is least significant (value of p = 0.0064) process parameter in esterification. The quadratic model established was revealed to be suitable and statistically precise with correlation value (R-2) of 0.9837 to predict the yield of n-hexyl levulinate. (C) 2015 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Agricultural waste feedstock, Esterification, Hierarchical-HZ-5, n-Hexyl levulinate, Optimization, Response surface methodology},
	issn = {0957-5820},
	doi = {10.1016/j.psep.2015.11.003},
	author = {Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y. and Bokade, Vijay V.}
}
