@article { ISI:000226743800002,
	title = {Computational study of a single-phase flow in packed beds of spheres},
	journal = {AICHE Journal},
	volume = {51},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	month = {FEB},
	pages = {365-378},
	publisher = {JOHN WILEY \& SONS INC},
	type = {Article},
	address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA},
	abstract = {<p>Packed-bed reactors are widely used in petrochemical, fine chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Detailed knowledge of interstitial flow in the void space of such packed-bed reactors is essential for understanding the heat and mass transfer characteristics. In this paper, fluid flow through the array of spheres was studied using the unit-cell approach, in which different periodically repeating arrangements of particles such as simple cubical, 1-D rhombohedral, 3-D rhombohedral, and face-centered cubical geometries were considered. Single-phase flow through these geometries was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The model was first validated by comparing predicted results with published experimental and computational results. The validated model was further used to study the effect of particle arrangement/orientation on velocity distribution and heat transfer characteristics. The simulated results were also used to understand and to quantify, relative contributions of surface drag and form drag in overall resistance to the flow through packed-bed reactors. The model and the results presented here would be useful in elucidating the role of microscopic flow structure on mixing and other transport processes occurring in packed-bed reactors. (C) 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.</p>},
	keywords = {CFD, drag, heat transfer, packed bed, packing arrangement},
	issn = {0001-1541},
	doi = {10.1002/aic.10314},
	author = {Gunjal, P. R. and Ranade, V. V. and Chaudhari, Raghunath V.}
}
@article { ISI:000231486900018,
	title = {Modeling of vaporization and cracking of liquid oil injected in a gas-solid riser},
	journal = {Chemical Engineering Science},
	volume = {60},
	number = {22, SI},
	year = {2005},
	note = {7th International Conference on Gas-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Solid, Strasbourg, FRANCE, FEB, 2005},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {6049-6066},
	publisher = {Chem Engn Grp Nancy},
	type = {Article},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>Vaporization and cracking of liquid oil injected in a gas-solid riser (fluid catalytic cracking riser reactor) was computationally studied in this work. Evaporation of a single drop injected in a stream of gas-solid mixture was analyzed first. A model for simulating evaporation of a drop considering heat transfer from the gas phase as well as from the solid particles was developed. The model relates the evaporation rate of droplet with rate of collisions of solid particles, specific heat capacities of solid and liquid, latent heat of vaporization, relative velocity of gas and liquid and temperatures of three phases. The understanding gained from such a model was then extended to simulate evaporation of liquid drops injected in FCC risers. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was used to simulate simultaneous evaporation and cracking reactions occurring in FCC riser reactors. A commercial CFD code, FLUENT (of Fluent Inc., USA) was used. Four and ten lump models were used for simulating cracking reactions. Appropriate user defined functions were developed to implement heterogeneous kinetics and heat transfer models in FLUENT. A special algorithm was developed to calculate accumulated coke on catalyst particles. A boiling point range was considered for simulating realistic oil feedstock. The model was first evaluated by comparing predicted results with published industrial data. The simulations were then carried out to understand influence of key design and operating parameters on performance of FCC riser reactors. The parameters studied included; initial oil droplet distribution, catalyst inlet temperature, catalyst to oil ratio and thermal cracking. The approach, model and results presented here would be useful for optimization of FCC operation, cost to benefit analysis of new FCC nozzles and related decision-making. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {cracking reactions, Evaporation, FCC, heat transfer, riser},
	issn = {0009-2509},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ces.2005.04.046},
	author = {Nayak, S. V. and Joshi, S. L. and Ranade, V. V.}
}
