@article { ISI:000318042800015,
	title = {Chemical looping reforming of ethanol for syngas generation: a theoretical investigation},
	journal = {International Journal of Energy Research},
	volume = {37},
	number = {6},
	year = {2013},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {645-656},
	publisher = {WILEY-BLACKWELL},
	address = {111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA},
	abstract = {<p>Chemical looping reforming (CLR) is a novel technology that can be used for reforming of cheaply available abundant biofuel like ethanol for the production of hydrogen/syngas for fuel cells. A systematic thermodynamic study for the CLR process using selected oxygen carriers was done to analyze the products and energy requirements of the CLR process in the temperature range of 5001200 degrees C at 1bar pressure for ethanol. The results showed favorable conditions for syngas manufacture from this process. Fe2O3 was found to be the best performing oxygen carrier followed by calcium and sodium sulfates, while Mn oxides were the least preferred oxygen carriers for CLR of ethanol process. The optimum process temperature was found to be 1000 degrees C. The actual CLR-ethanol process shows exothermicity against the theoretical endothermic partial oxidation of ethanol. The results obtained in this theoretical study can pave the way for experimental programs for syngas generation for SOFC-type fuel cells. Similar studies can be undertaken for other fuels for fuel processor development by CLR process. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley \&amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>},
	keywords = {chemical looping reforming, ethanol to syngas, Fuel Processor, Gibbs minimization, oxygen carriers},
	issn = {0363-907X},
	doi = {10.1002/er.1958},
	author = {Kale, Ganesh R. and Kulkarni, Bhaskar D. and Bharadwaj, K. V.}
}
@article { ISI:000333724000022,
	title = {Combined gasification of lignite coal: thermodynamic and application study},
	journal = {Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers},
	volume = {45},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {163-173},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	type = {Article},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Combined gasification (a combination of steam gasification and CO2 gasification) without air is an important process for research in coal gasification to reduce the steam generation energy in the gasification system and also to enhance the slow CO2 gasification reaction. A thermodynamic study involving the effect of temperature, pressure and feed CO2 and steam ratios in gasification of lignite coal was studied in this paper. The product generation trends of syngas and methane with carbon (in coal) conversion were studied in detail. The carbon (in lignite coal) was converted completely at a lower temperature than pure carbon in the combined gasification. Some applications of the gasifier product gas were also studied. Combined gasification offers great advantages to produce syngas of exact ratio in one step for use in petrochemical manufacture and fuel cell systems. The complete carbon (in coal) conversion occurred beyond the thermoneutral gasification temperature in the study. The combined gasification process was a useful way for CO2 utilization reducing the net CO2 emission to the atmosphere. (C) 2013 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {CO2 utilization, Coal gasification, Coal to syngas, Combined gasification, Thermodynamic study},
	issn = {1876-1070},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtice.2013.04.015},
	author = {Kale, Ganesh R. and Kulkarni, Bhaskar D. and Chavan, Rank N.}
}
