@article {49909,
	title = {Comprehensive in vitro and in silico assessment of eugenol glycoconjugates against azole and amphotericin B resistant Rhizopus spp.},
	journal = {Molecular Biology Reports},
	volume = {52},
	year = {2025},
	month = {JUN },
	pages = {589},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Background Rhizopus spp. is a major cause of mucormycosis, a severe infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment is challenging due to rising antifungal resistance. Glycosylation is a crucial technique for enhancing the properties of phenolic compounds like eugenol. The present study aims to examine the antifungal efficacy of eugenol glycoconjugates against azole and amphotericin B-resistant Rhizopus isolates. Methods and results Out of 50 soil samples, 12 isolates belonging to Mucorales were obtained, of which 7 were identified as Rhizopus spp. via 18S ITS sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AST) revealed that all Rhizopus isolates were resistant to amphotericin B (MIC \&gt; 1 mu g/mL). Most isolates also showed resistance towards posaconazole (MIC \&gt; 1 mu g/mL) and itraconazole (MIC \&gt; 2 mu g/mL). AST of eugenol glycoconjugate (coded 6g) showed efficacy against resistant Rhizopus isolates, with MIC values ranging from 6.25 mu g/mL to 25 mu g/mL. Flow cytometry confirmed its fungicidal activity, correlating with MIC data. Compound 6g significantly reduced conidial germination within 24 h and exhibited no cytotoxicity on A549 lung cancer cells. In-silico analysis revealed a negative binding affinity of compound 6g for the spore coat protein CotH3, which could be a potential antifungal target. Conclusion Compound 6g could be an potential antifungal molecule against resistant Rhizopus spp, which requires further studies.</p>
},
	keywords = {Antifungals, Eugenol, Glycoconjugates, Mucormycosis, Resistance, Virulence},
	issn = {0301-4851},
	doi = {10.1007/s11033-025-10673-2},
	author = {Sen, Pooja and Gupta, Lovely and Chauhan, Aastha and Goswami, Lakshmi and Bhattacharya, Asish K. and Sengupta, Abhishek and Vijayaraghavan, Pooja}
}
