@article { ISI:000338806600067,
	title = {Enhanced kinetics for the clathrate process in a fixed bed reactor in the presence of liquid promoters for pre-combustion carbon dioxide capture},
	journal = {Energy},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2014},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {664-673},
	publisher = {PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD},
	type = {Article},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>In this work, we present enhanced kinetics of hydrate formation for the clathrate process in the presence of two liquid promoters namely THF (tetrahydrofuran) and TBAB (tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide) in a FBR (fixed bed reactor) for pre-combustion capture of CO2. Silica sand was used as a medium to capture CO2 from CO2/H-2 gas mixture by hydrate crystallisation. Experiments were performed at different temperatures (274.2 K and 279.2 K) and 6.0 MPa to determine the total gas uptake, induction time and rate of hydrate formation. The observed trends indicated that higher driving force resulted in higher gas consumption and significantly reduced induction time. For the same driving force, higher gas consumption and shorter induction time was achieved by THF as compared to TBAB. 5.53 mol\% THF attained higher gas consumption than 1.0 mol\% THF whereas 3.0 mol\% TBAB attained lower gas consumption than 0.3 mol\% TBAB. A highest gas uptake of 51.95 (+/- 5.183) mmol of gas/mol of water and a highest rate of 51.21(+/- 8.91) mol.min(-1).m(-3) were obtained for 5.53 mol\% THF at 6.0 MPa and 279.2 K. Overall, this study indicated better hydrate formation kinetics with the use of THF in an FBR configuration for CO2 capture from a fuel gas mixture. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Carbon dioxide capture, Clathrate process, Fixed bed reactor, Gas hydrates, Pre-combustion capture, Promoters},
	issn = {0360-5442},
	doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.053},
	author = {Babu, Ponnivalavan and Ho, Chie Yin and Kumar, Rajnish and Linga, Praveen}
}
@article {43037,
	title = {Enhanced carbon dioxide hydrate formation kinetics in a fixed bed reactor filled with metallic packing},
	journal = {Chemical Engineering Science},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2015},
	month = {JAN},
	pages = {78-85},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ces.2014.09.019},
	author = {Kumar, Asheesh and Sakpal, Tushar and Linga, Praveen and Kumar, Rajnish}
}
@article {43437,
	title = {Effect of additives on formation and decomposition kinetics of methane clathrate hydrates: application in energy storage and transportation},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2016},
	month = {NOV},
	pages = {2160-2167},
	abstract = {Methane gas storage and transportation via clathrate hydrates is proposed to be a potential solution for large-scale energy storage. In this work, we study the formation and decomposition kinetics of methane hydrates (MH) in a laboratory-scale unstirred crystallizer. The present investigation demonstrates comparative studies of hydrate formation and dissociation kinetics in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (55.6 and 27.8mmol/mol, 5.56 and 2.78mol\% THF) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (1mg/g, 0.1wt\% SDS). Moreover, the storage capacity and hydrate formation kinetics in both the systems are discussed. In a recent work, enhanced methane hydrate growth in the presence of THF at close to atmospheric conditions was demonstrated. The emphasis of the current work is to study the stability of hydrates to understand dissociation kinetics by measuring the rate of hydrate decomposition at different temperatures. Hydrate stability measurements were performed at -8, -3, 2, 10, and 20 degrees C to study the decomposition rates of MH and self-preservation in presence of the two additives THF and SDS.},
	doi = {10.1002/cjce.22583},
	author = {Kumar, Asheesh and Kushwaha, Omkar Singh and Rangsunvigit, Pramoch and Linga, Praveen and Kumar, Rajnish}
}
@article { ISI:000379102600099,
	title = {Enhanced clathrate hydrate formation kinetics at near ambient temperatures and moderate pressures: Application to natural gas storage},
	journal = {Fuel},
	volume = {182},
	year = {2016},
	month = {OCT},
	pages = {907-919},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCI LTD},
	address = {THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>SNG (solidified natural gas) technology via clathrate hydrates is a potential method for large scale stationary storage of natural gas. Clathrate hydrate formation kinetics in presence of methane and 5.6 mol\% tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated in an unstirred reactor configuration at moderate pressure and temperature conditions. It is well known that the presence of THF generally improves the thermodynamic stability of the resulting hydrate. In order to study the scale-up potential of this approach, kinetics of hydrate growth at temperatures close to ambient conditions and moderate pressures is required. Hydrate formation experiments were performed at three different temperatures - 283.2 K, 288.2 K and 293.2 K and at experimental pressures of 7.2 MPa, 5.0 and 3.0 MPa. Further, we report a synergistic effect of kinetic promotion of mixed methane hydrate formation by coupling THF and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 293.2 K. For the first time, we observe rapid mixed methane/THF hydrate formation kinetics at 293.2 K in presence of just 100 ppm sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant with methane gas uptake of 3.45 (+/- 0.17) kmol/m(3) of water in 1 h. This is also the first study to demonstrate such rapid hydrate formation kinetics with significant methane storage capacity at temperature of 293.2 K (closer to the ambient temperature). Further, substantial methane gas uptake of 3.52 (+/- 0.13) kmol/m(3) of water is possible even at reduced experimental pressure of 3.0 MPa and 283.2 K in 2 h. Minimal energy requirement in an unstirred reactor for mixed methane/THF hydrate formation storage can propel the SNG technology for large scale commercial deployment. Further improvement in the process can be achieved by optimizing the cooling requirement through innovative reactor design and operating the process in a semi-batch or continuous mode. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Methane hydrates, Natural gas storage, Rapid kinetics, surfactant, Tetrahydrofuran, Unstirred reactor},
	issn = {0016-2361},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.068},
	author = {Veluswamy, Hari Prakash and Kumar, Sharad and Kumar, Rajnish and Rangsunvigit, Pramoch and Linga, Praveen}
}
@article {43401,
	title = {Experimental investigation to elucidate why tetrahydrofuran rapidly promotes methane hydrate formation kinetics: applicable to energy storage},
	journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry C},
	volume = {120},
	year = {2016},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {29062-29068},
	abstract = {Methane storage as SNG (solidified natural gas) in the form of clathrate hydrates is an emerging, economically feasible and environmentally benign technology for large scale storage. Mixed tetrahydrofuran (THF)-methane (CH4) hydrates offer a paradigm shift to milder storage conditions and faster hydrate formation kinetics, providing a promising scenario to scale up the SNG technology. In this work, we synthesize mixed THF-CH4 hydrates in a high pressure microdifferential scanning calorimeter (HP mu-DSC) to elucidate the two-step hydrate formation mechanism of mixed THF-CH4 hydrate identifying the synergism between THF and CH4. Heat flow change during hydrate formation and dissociation of mixed THF-CH4 hydrates formed in the presence of 5.56 mol \% THF (stoichiometric composition) were monitored. The two step-mechanism of mixed THF-CH4 hydrate formation was further confirmed by the pressure-temperature profile and visual observations with a sample volume scale -up of about 350 times that of mu-DSC experiments.},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11995},
	author = {Kumar, Asheesh and Daraboina, Nagu and Kumar, Rajnish and Linga, Praveen}
}
