@article {50139,
	title = {Flexible V2O5-x nanobelts as SERS tweezers: defect engineering for remarkably sensitive and selective detection},
	journal = {ACS Applied Nano Materials},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2026},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {8733-8748},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Transition metal oxide (TMO)-based semiconductor nanomaterials (NMs) have been progressively explored as promising substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The design and synthesis of highly stable, extremely sensitive, exceptionally selective SERS substrates, solely based on defects engineered in TMO-based NMs, have gained significant interest. This work demonstrates a simple hydrothermal route to synthesize substoichiometric V2O5-x flexible nanobelts without the use of surfactants, stabilizing agents, reducing agents, or structure-directing agents. Furthermore, the V2O5-x nanobelts proved to be highly effective as a SERS substrate for the sensitive detection of methylene blue (MB), achieving a remarkable maximum enhancement factor of up to 6.75 \&amp; times; 10(9) and a detection limit as low as the picomolar level. This performance is the best among metal oxide semiconductors and is comparable to that of noble metals, even without the presence of a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}hot spot.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} Additionally, the V2O5-x nanobelts demonstrate excellent selectivity as a {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}SERS Tweezer,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} enabling the precise detection of MB even in the presence of interfering analytes across binary, ternary, and quinary mixtures. Notably, V2O5-x nanobelts successfully detected melamine and ethephon for the first time using a TMO-based SERS substrate. In addition, the detection limit for SERS using a V2O5-x substrate reached 3 ppm of melamine in liquid milk. Thus, our results clearly demonstrate that metal oxide semiconductors can be transformed into cost-effective, SERS-active substrates through defect engineering. These engineered substrates exhibit high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, recyclability, and biocompatibility-comparable to or even surpassing those of noble metal nanomaterial-based SERS substrates. This advancement could enable their effective use in detecting contaminants in foods and food ingredients.</p>
},
	keywords = {defect engineering, Nanobelts, sensing, SERS, V2O5-x},
	doi = {10.1021/acsanm.6c00546},
	author = {Krishnan, Nikhil and Mukherjee, Shatabdi Porel}
}
