@article {48127,
	title = {Metagenomic mining of Indian river confluence reveal functional microbial community with lignocelluloytic potential},
	journal = {3 Biotech},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {132},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Microbial carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZyme) can be harnessed for valorization of Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to value-added chemicals/products. The two Indian Rivers Ganges and the Yamuna having different origins and flow, face accumulation of carbon-rich substrates due to the discharge of wastewater from adjoining paper and pulp industries, which could potentially contribute to the natural enrichment of LCB utilizing genes, especially at their confluence. We analyzed CAZyme diversity in metagenomic datasets across the sacred confluence of the Rivers Ganges and Yamuna. Functional annotation using CAZyme database identified a total of 77,815 putative genes with functional domains involved in the catalysis of carbohydrate degradation or synthesis of glycosidic bonds. The metagenomic analysis detected similar to 41\% CAZymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass polymers- cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. The Beta diversity analysis suggested higher CAZyme diversity at downstream region of the river confluence, which could be useful niche for culture-based studies. Taxonomic origin for CAZymes revealed the predominance of bacteria (97\%), followed by archaea (1.67\%), Eukaryota (0.63\%), and viruses (0.7\%). Metagenome guided CAZyme diversity of the microflora spanning across the confluence of Ganges-Yamuna River, could be harnessed for biomass and bioenergy applications.</p>
},
	keywords = {CAZymes, Confluence (Sangam), Lignocellulosic, River Ganges, River Yamuna},
	issn = {2190-572X},
	doi = {10.1007/s13205-022-03190-7},
	author = {Rajput, Vinay and Samson, Rachel and Yadav, Rakeshkumar and Dastager, Syed and Khairnar, Krishna and Dharne, Mahesh}
}
@article {48322,
	title = {Spatio-temporal variation of the microbiome and resistome repertoire along an anthropogenically dynamic segment of the Ganges River, India},
	journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
	volume = {872},
	year = {2023},
	month = {MAY},
	pages = {162125},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {<p>
	Aquatic ecosystems are regarded as a hub of antibiotic and metal resistance genes. River Ganges is a unique riverine system in India with socio-cultural and economic significance. However, it remains underexplored for its microbiome and associated resistomes along its anthropogenically impacted course. The present study utilized a nanopore sequenc-ing approach to depict the microbial community structure in the sediments of the river Ganges harboring antibiotic and metal resistance genes (A/MRGs) in lower stretches known for anthropogenic impact. Comprehensive microbiome analyses revealed resistance genes against 23 different types of metals and 28 classes of antibiotics. The most dominant ARG category was multidrug resistance, while the most prevalent MRGs conferred resistance against copper and zinc. Seasonal differences dismally affected the microbiota of the Ganges. However, resistance genes for fosmidomycin and tetracycline varied with season ANOVA, p \&lt; 0.05. Interestingly, 333 and 334 ARG subtypes were observed at all the locations in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. The taxa associated with the dominant ARGs and MRGs were Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, which are important nosocomial pathogens. A substantial phage diversity for pathogenic and putrefying bacteria at all locations attracts attention for its use to tackle the dissemination of antibiotic and metal-resistant bacteria. This study suggests the accumulation of antibiotics and metals as the driving force for the emergence of resistance genes and the affiliated bacteria trafficking them. The present metagenomic as-sessment highlights the need for comprehensive, long-term biological and physicochemical monitoring and mitigation strategies toward the contaminants associated with ARGs and MRGs in this nationally important river.</p>
},
	keywords = {Antibiotics (ARGs), Bacteriophages, Heavy metals (MRGs), Metagenomics, Microbiome, River Ganges},
	issn = {0048-9697},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162125},
	author = {Samson, Rachel and Rajput, Vinay and Yadav, Rakeshkumar and Shah, Manan and Dastager, Syed and Khairnar, Krishna and Dharne, Mahesh}
}
