@article {43889,
	title = {Prediction of degrees API values of crude oils by use of saturates/aromatics/resins/ asphaltenes analysis: computational-intelligence-based models},
	journal = {SPE Journal},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2017},
	month = {JUN},
	pages = {817-853},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The degrees API value is an important physicochemical characteristic of crude oils often used in determining their properties and quality. There exist models-predominantly linear ones-for predicting the degrees API magnitude from the molecular composition of a crude oil. This approach is tedious and time-consuming because it requires quantitative determination of numerous crude-oil components. Usually, the hydrocarbons present in a crude oil are grouped according to their molecular average structures into saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions. An degrees API-value prediction model dependent on these four fractions is relatively easier to develop, although this approach has been rarely used. A rigorous scrutiny suggests that some of the dependencies between the individual SARA fractions and the corresponding degrees API value could be nonlinear. Accordingly, in this study, SARA-fraction-based nonlinear models have been developed for the prediction of values using three computational-intelligence (CI) formalisms: genetic programming (GP), artificialneural networks (ANNs), and support-vector regression (SVR). The SARA analyses and degrees API values of 403 crude-oil samples covering wide ranges have been used in developing these models. A comparison of the CI-based models with an existing linear model indicates that all the former class of models possess a significantly better degrees API-value prediction and generalization performance than those exhibited by the linear model. Also, the SVR-based model has been found to be the most accurate degrees API-value predictor. Because of their better prediction accuracy, CI-based models can be gainfully used to predict degrees API values of crude oils.},
	doi = {10.2118/184391-PA},
	author = {Goel, Purva and Saurabh, Kumar and Patil-Shinde, Veena and Tambe, Sanjeev S.}
}
