@article { ISI:000287428900016,
	title = {Bioethanol production from renewable polymer lichenan using lichenase from an alkalothermophilic thermomonospora sp and thermotolerant yeast},
	journal = {Fuel Processing Technology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {MAR},
	pages = {401-406},
	publisher = {ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV},
	address = {PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Biomass feedstocks available decentrally will be more commodious for localized biorefinery approach than the exhaustive large scale and centralized plants driven by cost intensive technology. Lichen is present in a wide range of habitats in a distributed manner. A maximum hydrolysis of 73\%-76\% for lichenan from Cetraria islandica, Usnea barbata and Parmelia sp. were obtained in 24 h using lichenase from an alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora sp. wherein the hydrolysis was 100\% with commercial enzyme Accellerase (TM) 1000. The synergistic role of beta-glucosidase in lichenan hydrolysis was demonstrated by the exogenous addition of beta-glucosidase to Thermomonospora lichenase which resulted in complete hydrolysis. The hydrolysates of lichenan obtained using Accellerase or a cocktail of Thermomonospora lichenase and beta-glucosidase when fermented with free cells of Saccharomyces at 40 degrees C produced an ethanol yield of 0.45 g/g-0.48 g/g with theoretical conversion efficiencies of 93\%-96\%. The Ca-alginate immobilized yeast cells were reused eight times at 40 degrees C with 100\% fermentation efficiency. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p>},
	keywords = {Ethanol, Hydrolysis, Lichenan, Lichenase, Synergism, Thermotolerant yeast},
	issn = {0378-3820},
	doi = {10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.10.001},
	author = {Menon, Vishnu and Divate, Rupesh and Rao, Mala}
}
